La historia de la economía mundial es un interesantísimo viaje que explica el funcionamiento de las sociedades desde los orígenes más primigenios del mercado con el intercambio. En la sucesión de acontecimientos que fueron marcando hitos en esta línea del tiempo hasta el sistema económico actual, hay varios hechos pocos conocidos, que en su momento significaron un gran cambio. Como lo es la Taula de Canvi de Barcelona, el primer banco público en Europa, fundado en 1401.
Barcelona y Cataluña a principios del siglo XV
El contexto histórico de la España del siglo XV arrastra las peores consecuencias de la peste negra, que a mediados de la centuria anterior diezmó enormemente la sociedad y redujo toda actividad agraria y comercial. Base de la alimentación y la supervivencia a la epidemia.
Cataluña disminuyó su población un 25%. Barcelona, que entonces ya gozaba de la prosperidad como capital mercantil del Mediterráneo Occidental, perdió casi la mitad de sus habitantes. Sin embargo, las secuelas de la peste afectaron por igual a toda Europa. Otras ciudades de la misma importancia económica en la zona, como Valencia, Nápoles, Florencia, Marsella o Génova, corrieron con la misma suerte.
El peor de los escenarios para la ciudad española no fue el de la salubridad, sino el de la especulación. La estructura social de entonces ya se encontraba en un ecosistema de desigualdad muy remarcado. Hecho que se incentivó tras la crisis sanitaria y disparó las actividades delictivas en la zona. Este descontrol monetario, derivado de un sistema feudal en decadencia, fue la principal razón de la iniciativa de crear una institución bancaria hasta el momento inexistente.
La función de la Taula de Canvi
Aunque la economía europea se encontraba en muchos sentidos en transición, donde la burguesía y el bando eclesiástico luchaban por el poder y el control, las actividades comerciales y los viajes de larga distancia por el Mediterráneo entre puertos europeos empezaban a experimentar un enorme crecimiento.
Estos movimientos de gran envergadura necesitaban financiamiento y respaldo económico y esa fue la principal misión de la Taula de Canvi. Sin embargo, las circunstancias del momento no eran sencillas, por lo que se centró además en regular toda la actividad mercantil y financiera de la costa barcelonesa.
La institución inició operaciones el 20 de enero de 1401 en la Lonja de la ciudad condal. Lugar donde solían reunirse los mercaderes de la época y donde tenía lugar el comercio. Enfocó sus servicios en aceptar depósitos recibiendo monedas y joyas de habitantes de la ciudad y alrededores. Según uno de los libros de registros más antiguos del banco, llegó a contar con más de 500 cuentas individuales. Entre ellas, la del gobierno de Cataluña, organismos religiosos, órdenes militares e incluso la Corona de Aragón. Como tal, la Taula de Canvi se convirtió en el primer banco público de Europa hasta su absorción en 1853 por el Banco de España.
El enderezamiento de la actividad mercantil impulsado por la Taula de Canvi
Una de las funciones más relevantes de la Taula de Canvi, además de su responsabilidad como entidad financiera, fue la persecución de las prácticas especulativas y delictivas en el mercado.
Cuando detectaban movimientos sospechosos que incurrían en algún delito, lo reportaban y entregaban directamente a la justicia. Esta firmeza representó un cambio en los asuntos económicos, recuperando el prestigio y poder de la zona mediterránea de España. Aunque evidentemente también favoreció sus propios intereses políticos y de clase. De alguna forma, la fundación de la Taula de Canvi sentó las bases económicas del sistema que a finales de siglo permitió el financiamiento de las travesías de Colón hacia América que más tarde cambiarían la historia para siempre.
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