Michael Stone es un médico especialista en psiquiatría forense de la Universidad de Columbia que ha dedicado la mayor parte de su carrera a estudiar el comportamiento de todo tipo de asesinos. Su investigación le llevó a desarrollar en 2006 una clasificación que distingue diferentes niveles de maldad en una persona homicida, la llamada escala del mal. Para ello tuvo en cuenta múltiples factores ambientales, neurológicos y genéticos, que determinaron finalmente 22 pavorosos peldaños que van desde el homicidio en defensa propia hasta la crueldad más pura y sádica. Los 22 niveles se concentran en tres etapas que distinguen la capacidad destructiva de la maldad misma, así como la naturaleza del crimen en sí y la gravedad de los actos. Hay que considerar que este estudio partió del análisis de la mente de varios asesinos, por lo que todos los niveles se corresponden con delitos de homicidio.
Aunque esta lista forme parte de una investigación psiquiátrica, no deja de ser información delicada con alto contenido de violencia. Se recomienda leer con prudencia y de la forma más objetiva posible.
La primera etapa de la escala del mal: la ausencia de maldad
1. El homicidio justificado. En el primer nivel de la escala se encuentran las personas que han cometido asesinato en defensa propia y no muestran rasgos psicopáticos.
2. Los amantes celosos, no psicópatas. Aunque egocéntricos o inmaduros, los criminales de esta categoría cometieron sus asesinatos sin planearlo, de forma espontáneamente pasional.
3. Los compañeros voluntarios de asesinos. Aún lejos de estar trastornados, algunos tienen rasgos antisociales y una personalidad aberrante. A menudo los impulsan las relaciones sociales estrechas con el veradero asesino.
4. La autodefensa fingida y los provocadores. Estas personas matan en supuesta defensa propia, pero no son del todo inocentes, ya que desarrollaron una conducta extremadamente provocadora con sus víctimas en primer lugar.
5. El asesino en etapa de desesperación. Se trata de asesinos desesperados y traumatizados por diversas situaciones de abuso, que carecen de rasgos neuróticos significativos y sienten un verdadero arrepentimiento por sus acciones.
6. Los impulsivos. Son asesinos que actúan en un momento impetuoso, pero sin rasgos psicópatas marcados.
7. Los narcisistas. Asesinos altamente egocéntricos, suelen ser posesivos, no claramente trastornados, pero con algunos indicios de psicopatía. Por lo general, matan a sus seres queridos o personas cercanas por celos.
8. El ataque de ira. Las personas no dementes que viven con una rabia latente y cometen asesinato cuando desatan su coraje.
La segunda etapa: los semi psicópatas
9. Los amantes celosos, psicópatas. La primera incursión en territorio psicopático, estos asesinos son amantes celosos pero con marcados rasgos neuróticos.
10. Los asesinos en el camino, no totalmente psicopáticos. Asesinos de testigos o personas que significan «un estorbo» en sus objetivos. Son egocéntricos, pero no cuentan con un cuadro clínico totalmente desequilibrado.
11. Los psicópatas en desarrollo. Asesinos cuyas víctimas son desconocidos, personas que simplemente se cruzan en su camino. La premeditación no suele ser un factor importante en sus crímenes, simplemente matan porque sí.
12. Los hambrientos de poder y acorralados. Personas hambrientas de poder que matan cuando se sienten acorraladas o atrapadas en situaciones de las que no podrían escapar con su poder intacto.
13. Los inadecuados y enojados. Son asesinos con carencias emocionales que arrastran a lo largo de su vida, generalmente desde la infancia. Muestran impulsos de desequilibrio desde jóvenes y son propensos a los ataques de ira.
14. Los planeadores. Son despiadadamente egocéntricos y dementes, no se detienen ante nada para engañar, estafar y robar. Si tienen que asesinar a alguien para cumplir sus objetivos, lo harán.
15. Los asesinos a sangre fría. Matan a varias personas con actitud en calma y con un motivo bastante identificado. Demuestran negación patológica de culpa e incapacidad para confrontar la realidad.
La tercera etapa de la escala del mal: los pscicópatas
16. Los psicópatas viciosos. Son aquellos que cometen múltiples actos viles que pueden incluir el asesinato, violación o mutilación.
17. Los sexualmente perversos. Asesinos en serie con algún elemento de perversión sexual común en sus crímenes. En los hombres, la violación suele ser el motivo principal, seguida del asesinato para ocultar la evidencia. La tortura no es un motivo principal.
18. Los asesinos que llegan a torturar. Aunque psicóticos, no suelen prolongar la tortura de sus victimas. El asesinato es su principal motivación, lo demás viene en segundo plano.
19. Los psicópatas no homicidas. Son psicópatas que no llegan a asesinar, pero que se dedican al terrorismo, la subyugación, la intimidación o la violación.
20. Los asesinos torturadores. Están motivados por su deseo de lastimar fisicamente a sus víctimas mediante la tortura, priorizándolo ante el asesinato mismo.
21. Los torturadores extremos. No todos los torturadores asesinan. Estos dementes, que han sido evaluados y se encuentran en contacto con la realidad, son adictos a la tortura extrema, pero nunca matan a sus víctimas.
22. Los asesinos, torturadores y dementes. El último y peor nivel de la escala del mal corresponde con homicidas cuya motivación principal es infligir una tortura lo más prolongada posible. La mayoría en esta categoría son asesinos en serie, por lo general hombres con fines malévolos, previamente planeados.
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