En el siglo XVIII, Luis XVI se convirtió en el primer y único rey francés ejecutado por guillotina en la Plaza de la Revolución de París. Fue declarado culpable de conspiración con potencias extranjeras y condenado a muerte por la Convención Nacional Francesa. Al poco tiempo, su esposa María Antonieta sufrió el mismo destino, hecho que abolió la monarquía en Francia hasta el día de hoy.
El estallido de la Revolución Francesa
Luis ascendió al trono en 1774 en un momento de inestabilidad económica que había heredado del gobierno de su abuelo Luis XV. En 1789, en un último intento por resolver la crisis, el rey reunió a los Estados Generales, una asamblea nacional que representaba los tres estratos: los nobles, el clero y el pueblo. Dado que no se habían convocado congresos de esta índole desde 1614, el pueblo aprovechó la oportunidad para iniciar la Revolución Francesa, que ya llevaba gestándose cierto tiempo debido al pésimo manejo gubernamental. El 14 de julio de 1789, estalló la guerra civil y los parisinos asaltaron la Bastilla, una prisión estatal donde creían que se almacenaban municiones.
Aunque Luis aceptó que la revolución era inminente, se resistió a acatar las reformas constitucionales que afectaban a la monarquía con el supuesto fin de salvarla. Pero no pudo hacer nada para evitarlo. Al mismo tiempo, un odio creciente en contra de los excesos de su esposa Maria Antonieta orilló al pueblo a conspirar en contra de ambos y planear un ataque directo.
En octubre de 1789, una turba enfurecida marchó sobre Versalles y obligó a la pareja real a trasladarse a escondidas al palacio de Tuleries en París. En junio de 1791, la oposición era tal que ambos se vieron obligados a huir a Austria, de nuevo, en secreto. Durante su viaje, los detuvieron en Varennes, Francia, y los llevaron de regreso a París. Allí, Luis aceptó a la fuerza la constitución de 1791, que redujo su figura de monarca a una mera decoración en el gobierno.
La ejecución de Luis XVI y María Antonieta
En agosto de 1792, los sans-culottes (el ejército del pueblo) arrestó y encarceló a la pareja. Un mes después la Convención Nacional abolió la monarquía. En noviembre, se descubrieron pruebas de las intrigas contrarrevolucionarias de Luis XVI con Austria y otras naciones extranjeras. Y la Convención Nacional lo enjuició por traición.
A principios de 1793, Luis XVI fue declarado culpable y condenado a muerte por una estrecha mayoría. El 21 de enero, caminó con paso firme hacia su ejecución en la guillotina. Nueve meses después, María Antonieta fue condenada por traición por un tribunal y el 16 de octubre siguió a su marido a la guillotina. Este suceso fue un acto sin precedentes que marcó un hito en la historia de Francia y en las monarquías de todo el mundo.
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