Basada en una novela homónima de 1936, la película Lo que el viento se llevó cuenta la historia de Scarlett O’Hara. La hija emprendedora del dueño de una plantación en el sur de los Estados Unidos y su romance con el caballero Rhet Butler. Ambientada durante la Guerra Civil estadounidense, sigue los patrones de la época y contiene elementos de esclavitud, supremacía y otros pensamientos que a día de hoy son de carácter sensible.
La película, lanzada en 1939, ganó una gran cantidad de honores en los 12° Premios de la Academia. Entre ellos, el Oscar a la mejor película y a la mejor actriz de reparto por Hattie McDaniel, la primera mujer afroamericana en ganar este reconocimiento. McDaniel interpretó el papel de Mammy, una esclava cercana a O’Hara.
Lo que el viento se llevó es la película más taquillera de la historia (ajustada por la inflación), y ha sido relanzada en varias ocasiones a lo largo del tiempo. Hoy en día se ve envuelta en un sinfín de controversias que incluyen su marginación lejos de la televisión moderna.
El contexto de la película y la evolución en la idiosincrasia global
La Guerra Civil estadounidense terminó hace más de 150 años. Aunque esa fecha no marca ningún punto medio en la historía de los eventos norteamericanos, se considera una gran línea divisoria. Un antes y un después en el comportamiento, la personalidad y la esencia del país.
En este sentido, es lógico pensar que el mayor trabajo de la cultura pop relacionada con la Guerra Civil, Lo que el viento se llevó, esté encarando una división similar. Existe un ojo crítico juzgando su naturaleza y su poca falta de empatía con los estándares más básicos de convivencia humana. Es justo esta fricción entre la evolución de la idiosincrasia global y los antiguos preceptos lo que hace que el libro y la película sean tan difíciles de digerir en este momento.
La película retrata un momento de conflicto socio-político que desencadenó una serie de cambios fundamentales en el desarrollo del país en todos los sentidos. En este contexto, la protagonista juega un papel fundamental, un punto positivo que entre toda la controversia, muestra los humildes inicios del movimiento feminista. Quizá lo más notable para el panorama actual sea que Scarlett fue el primer ejemplo puro de una heroína estadounidense.
Solamente algunos pueden imaginar lo mucho que significó para la audiencia de aquel entonces ver la lucha de Scarlett por recuperar su riqueza, combatir por sus convicciones, justo antes de la II Guerra Mundial y casi una década después de la Gran Depresión. Este esfuerzo, audazmente feminista, fue un motivante increíble para una generación entera de mujeres al mando de fábricas en esta guerra.
Esta es la controversia que rodea a Lo que el viento se llevó, entre tópicos positivos y mensajes negativos que han mantenido a la audiencia expectante de la decisión popular. Una dicotomía enorme en la que no ha sido fácil inclinar la balanza.
La problemática actual de Lo que el viento se llevó
Durante varios años, los críticos de cine han alabado la película por su representación de la esclavitud antes de la Guerra Civil, mientras minimizaba sus horrores. Algunas salas de cine en los Estados Unidos, por el contrario, empezaron a eliminar la película de sus rotaciones en los últimos años.
Otros expertos de la industría han repudiado la película por representar a los esclavos como ingenuos que viven felices y contentos al mismo tiempo que son leales a sus dueños. Esta imagen oscurecía por completo las brutales condiciones en las que vivían en realidad. La película también es muy criticada por perpetuar los mitos de los estados confederados, propuestos por los supremacistas blancos.
Con el aumento de las tensiones raciales en la actualidad tras la muerte de George Floyd, la película volvió a convertirse en un importante foco de discusión sobre la discriminación y la tolerancia.
La retirada de la película de HBO
En un artículo de opinión en Los Angeles Times a mediados del año 2020, el cineasta ganador del Oscar John Ridley describió Lo que el viento se llevó como «una película que, cuando no ignora los horrores de la esclavitud, se detiene solo para perpetuar algunos de los los estereotipos más dolorosos de personas de color«, y apeló a la empresa HBO para la eliminación de la película. La cinta fue retirada al día siguiente.
La película muestra los graves errores de una época que fue cruel, vil e ignorante. A la par, presenta otros matices de feminismo, muy adelantados a la década de los años 30. Ya estará en el criterio de cada uno verla o no y cómo interpretar su historia, su contexto y sus mensajes. Al final, todos tenemos diferentes puntos de vista y tal vez aquello que nos puede dejar impreso es justo lo que se intenta censurar. Una clara visión de aquel mundo imperfecto que todavía hasta el día de hoy tenemos que seguir corrigiendo.
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