Las telenovelas nacen en Latinoamérica como un género televisivo melodramático de larga duración. Su nombre indica su origen, son novelas hechas para la televisión. Fueron exportadas en los años 80 a todo el mundo y posteriormente imitadas o versionadas, ya que actualmente casi todos los paises tienen su producción local del formato.
Aquellos títulos que ocupaban el prime time de la TV alguna vez fueron motivo de orgullo y desde hace unos años se han tranformado en una especie de gusto culposo. Un interés que se guarda puertas adentro y se oculta al resto por vergüenza y autocrítica social.
Ahora, el gigante Netflix ha dado un paso hacia delante, produciendo 2 nuevos formatos que pueden considerarse dentro de este género. La casa de las flores y la historia biográfica del cantante Luis Miguel. Estas exitosas producciones pusieron de moda, otra vez, a las telenovelas.

Las telenovelas y las series de televisión
Para muchos, la diferencia entre las telenovelas y las series radica en que las primeras se transmitían a diario, mientras que las series se presentan en entregas semanales y se dividían en temporadas. Según esta distinción, las telenovelas aparentaban estar escritas completamente desde el inicio de su transmisión. Y las series, sin embargo, podría cambiar de tono y argumento a medida que avanzaban las temporadas.
Aunque esta teoría pareciera tener sentido, no es cierta. Las telenovelas turcas o las estadounidenses, por ejemplo, mantienen la trama y el tono de una telenovela al uso, pero se dividen también en temporadas. Es el mismo caso de La casa de las flores y Luis Miguel, la serie, ambas mexicanas, que estrenaron su primera temporada y dejaron a todo mundo esperando la segunda.
Otra creencia equivocada es que las telenovelas son latinoamericanas, mientras que las series son estadounidenses. Nada más lejos de la realidad, ya que los géneros no son exclusivos de ninguna zona geográfica, todo lo contrario.
Estas falsas percepciones tienen que ver con el hecho de que las telenovelas han sido tratadas como un género menor y de escasa calidad tanto en la producción como en el guión. Así, las producidas en Colombia sobre narcotráfico como El Capo, Escobar, el patrón del mal, Sin tetas no hay paraiso, etc., comenzaron a autodenominarse series, para proyectar una imagen cualitativamente más elevada.
Lo cierto es que la división de género no se puede hacer con base en ninguno de estos criterios. Más bien está relacionado con la temática, la estructura narrativa, el estilo de producción y muchos otros elementos audiovisuales que van clasificando cada creación por géneros y subgéneros.
Las telenovelas y Latinoamérica
Aunque las telenovelas ya no son exclusivas de Latinoamérica, es vox populi que ahí es donde tienen su esencia.
Una de las características más destacables de este género es el melodrama. Situaciones inverosímiles que rozan el absurdo, relaciones entre personajes inexplicablemente enrevesadas, tragedias por doquier, enredo disparatado, antagonistas maquiavélicos descabellados, diálogos bobalicones e interpretaciones tremendamente exageradas y vergonzosas. Y dentro de todo este revoltijo de despropósitos, hay algo que engancha a la audiencia y la mantiene en vilo.
No existe telenovela sin escenas de romance ingenuo e inocentón. Sin un gran secreto que de ser conocido, sería una calamidad para casi todos. O ese personaje malvado y manipulador que gesta sus fechorías acechando detrás de una cortina. La chismosa de turno que baila entre dos aguas terriblemente enemistadas. El giro de guión altamente previsible que se hizo esperar por largos episodios. Y esas pausas dramáticas que estorban, con música de tensión de fondo, antes de que cualquier personaje descubra alguna verdad insulsa. Y aún así, con todo esto y sabiendo perfectamente cuál es la fórmula de toda la trama, las telenovelas siguen enganchando a la audiencia y manteniéndola en vilo.
Después de todo, el melodrama no es solo el trasfondo de las telenovelas. Es también un ambiente típico en las situaciones cotidianas latinoamericanas y de todo el mundo. Evidentemente no tan exageradas, pero sí son la cuna de inspiración.
El gusto culposo
En mayor o menor medida, el melodrama forma parte de la identidad de todo el mundo. Ya sea por sentimientos de empatía con la historia telenovelesca o la fascinación por algo tan rocambolesco y lejano, buena parte de la audiencia disfruta de estas producciones. Además de sentir cierta culpa.
Las telenovelas se relacionan a menudo con la falta de calidad y de recursos audiovisuales. En general, no se consideran como grandes producciones en la sociedad, por lo que hay quien no reconoce que las ve o las disfruta. Pero pese a esta imagen ampliamente extendida, si ahondamos en la historia de la pequeña pantalla, hay títulos enormemente exitosos que mantuvieron a varios países expectantes y pegados a la tele.
De alguna manera, esas historias de amor imposible, las traiciones, los conflictos familiares, los asesinatos irracionales…, gustan. Quizá se trate de una especie de relación de amor-odio entre el espectador y la telenovela. Una especie de rechazo por el melodrama que al mismo tiempo se alimenta con la necesidad de ver qué sucede después y cómo termina.
Amamos a unas y odiamos a otras
Parece que últimamente la audiencia ha aceptado solo algunas telenovelas y se ha burlado de otras. Se celebran solo las que tienen aprobación mundial, como Betty la fea o Pasión de gavilanes, que han sido traducidas a 30 idiomas, o como los que ahora lanza Netflix.

Lo cierto es que desde el punto de vista en que reflejan ciertos aspectos de la vida cotidiana, es muy fácil verse evidenciado y hasta ridiculizado. Esa delgada línea quizá sea la que separa las telenovelas aceptadas de las que no lo son tanto.
El mismísimo Miguel de Cervantes trató de parodiar las novelas de caballería con El Quijote, obra que resultó ser la mejor y mayor novela de caballería. Esta paradoja puede servirnos para entender el éxito de las telenovelas, ese gusto culposo que por mucho que lo escondamos, todos o casi todos tenemos.
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