Perseverance o Percy, como le apodan, es el explorador robótico de última generación que aterrizó en Marte en el año 2021 como parte del programa de la NASA Mars 2020. Este dispositivo está diseñado para recorrer la superficie marciana en busca de signos de vida pasada y presente durante una estancia de dos años. Aunque el Mars Curiosity, el rover (vehículo espacial) antecesor, continúa operando y enviando datos científicos vitales, el nuevo Perseverance permitirá a la NASA analizar nuevas áreas del planeta y probar la tecnología para respaldar futuros viajes humanos a Marte.
El origen del rover Perseverance
A pesar del éxito del Curiosity en 2012, el Programa de Exploración de Marte de la NASA se encontraba en un estado de incertidumbre. Los recortes presupuestarios obligaron a la agencia aeroespacial a retirarse de una colaboración planificada con la Agencia Espacial Europea, que incluía iniciar otra misión rover para finales del 2012.
Sin embargo, la Comunidad Científica Planetaria declaró en octubre del 2012 que la prioridad debería ser una campaña de retorno de muestras. Un proyecto para recolectar, lanzar y devolver de manera segura muestras de la superficie marciana a la Tierra en un periodo aproximado de 10 años. Un informe de la Academia de Ciencias de Ingeniería y Medicina en Estados Unidos indicó que la NASA debería invertir en un rover de almacenamiento de muestras como primer paso. Y mantener como objetivo primordial el mantener los costos por debajo de los 2,500 millones de dólares.
Después del Curiosity, la NASA anunció su intención de lanzar una nueva misión a Marte para 2020 en la conferencia de la Unión Geofísica Americana en diciembre de 2012.
Aunque inicialmente dudó en comprometerse con una ambiciosa capacidad de almacenamiento, la NASA publicó aseguró en 2013 la fabricación de un vehículo para muestras con capacidad de retornar a la Tierra.
Fuente de la imagen: NASA
Del Curiosity al Perseverance
El diseño del Perseverance evolucionó a partir de su predecesor. Ambos comparten algunas caracteristicas en común: tienen una carrocería similar, el mismo sistema de aterrizaje, una navegación tipo crucero y el mismo sistema de energía. Sin embargo, la segunda versión mejoró en varias formas.
Los ingenieros diseñaron las ruedas más robustas y de mejor material que las del Curiosity, que han sufrido algunos daños con el paso del tiempo. Incluye un brazo robótico más largo y fuerte, con un elaborado mecanismo de extracción y muestreo de rocas para almacenar en tubos estériles.
Cuenta con una herramienta de evaluación de volumen para muestras, imágenes, dispensación de sellos y compartimentos de sellado hermético, entre otras. El Perseverance se considera el mecanismo más complejo y sofisticado que jamás se haya construido, probado y preparado para vuelos espaciales. Los cambios que presenta hacen que sea más pesado que el Curiosity, 1,025 kg en comparación de los 899 kg del modelo anterior.
Su computadora utiliza una placa única endurecida contra la radiación. El rover usa tres antenas diferentes de telemetría, que transmiten a través de naves actualmente orbitando Marte. La antena primaria de frecuencia ultra alta puede enviar datos desde el rover a una velocidad máxima de dos megabits por segundo. Las otras 2 antenas son más lentas, pero sirven para proporcionar redundancia de comunicaciones.
El helicóptero que viaja con el rover
Dentro del Perseverance se incluyó un nuevo dron experimental llamado Ingenuity. Funciona con energía solar y tiene una masa de 1.8 kg. Parte de sus funciones son probar la estabilidad de vuelo en la atmósfera marciana y el potencial para explorar rutas de conducción. Si el Ingenuity lograba sobrevivir a las noches frías marcianas de -90 °C , procedería con el primer vuelo propulsado de un artefacto terrestre en Marte.
Fuente de la imagen: NASA
El primer despegue se realizó exitosamente el 19 de abril de 2021. Ofreció una transmisión en vivo 3 horas más tarde y se considera el primer vuelo de su tipo en la historia de la humanidad. Aparte de contar con una cámara, se comunica con la Tierra a través de una estación base a bordo de Perseverance.
El despegue y aterrizaje del rover
El rover Perseverance despegó con éxito el 30 de julio de 2020, a bordo del vehículo de lanzamiento Atlas V de United Launch Alliance, desde un complejo en la Estación de la Fuerza Aérea de Cabo Cañaveral en Florida. Tardó unos siete meses en viajar a Marte y aterrizó en el cráter Jezero el 18 de febrero de 2021, para comenzar su fase científica. Este lugar fue seleccionado específicamente como el lugar de aterrizaje en parte por su composición, que hace probable el descubrimiento de evidencia de microbios y bacterias.
Fuente de la imagen: NASA
El aterrizaje se anunció a las 20:55 UTC del 18 de febrero de 2021, señal que tardó 11 minutos en llegar a la Tierra. Fue más preciso que cualquier caso anterior en Marte, gracias a la experiencia obtenida del Curiosity y el uso de nueva tecnología llamada TRN (Navegación Relativa del Terreno). Esta técnica permite al rover comparar las imágenes de la superficie tomadas durante su descenso con mapas de referencia, lo que le ayuda a realizar ajustes de último minuto en su curso.
El descenso en paracaídas del Perseverance fue fotografiado por la cámara de alta resolución incluida en el vehículo y se viralizó en todo el mundo casi de inmediato. El mismo paracaídas naranja y blanco, utilizado para aterrizar el rover en Marte, contenía un mensaje en código binario descifrado por los usuarios de Twitter. Decía: «Atrévete a hacer cosas grandiosas«, una cita atribuida al presidente estadounidense Theodore Roosevelt y lema del proyecto Perseverance.
Todavía es muy pronto para saber qué cosas increíbles hallará este vehículo, pero su paso por el planeta rojo ya ha marcado un hito para toda la humanidad.
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