Según el sistema ABO, la sangre humana se clasifica en cuatro grupos, A, B, AB y O. Y todos ellos se encuentran en dos versiones, positiva o negativa. El grupo sanguíneo es una característica determinada genéticamente. Por lo tanto, ciertas carácteristicas están presentes con mayor frecuencia en la población de un área. Por ejemplo, el 34,5% de la población india comparte el mismo tipo de sangre O, el más común del país. De manera similar, O negativo es el tipo de sangre más común en el País Vasco, España, pero no en el mundo. Sin embargo, se ha encontrado un tipo de sangre que difiere de todos los anteriores, la RH nulo o sangre dorada, llamada así por su rareza en la historia.
La naturaleza de la sangre dorada
La sangre que corre por nuestras venas está constituida por glóbulos rojos, glóbulos blancos, plaquetas y plasma. Son los antígenos y la naturaleza de su presencia los que determinan el grupo sanguíneo de cada individuo. La razón por la que la sangre dorada es tan peculiar es porque carece de los 61 antigenos posibles del sistema RH, convirtiéndola en RH nulo. Se supone que esto solo ocurre a una de cada 6 millones de personas.
Aunque hay más de 200 tipos de sangre raros en la población mundial, el grupo sanguíneo RH nulo rompe todos los esquemas. Se ha registrado que solo unas 40 personas lo tienen y actualmente no hay más de 10 donantes en todo el mundo.
El cuidado y donación de la RH nulo
Debido a la baja población con sangre dorada, existe un seguimiento exhaustivo e individual para garantizar ciertas precauciones en su vida diaria. La rareza tiene un precio. Si una persona con RH nulo requiere una transfusión, solo puede recibir sangre de su mismo tipo. Incluso si reciben sangre O negativo, la presencia de otros antígenos RH en los glóbulos rojos podría desencadenar una respuesta inmune severa. Por lo tanto, los portadores de sangre dorada dependen únicamente de ellos mismos.
Por otro lado y a razón de la dispersión de estas personas alrededor del mundo, el transporte de sangre a través de las fronteras en estos casos lo vuelve aún más difícil debido a la burocracia. Algunos habitantes de India con RH nulo han sido obligados por el gobierno a almacenar y donar sangre a un banco para estudios futuros y transfusiones de emergencia. Aunque suene exótico, la sangre dorada, después de todo, dista mucho de ser una bendición sino casi de todo lo contrario.
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