Cuando una persona sufre hipotermia tiende a desarrollar un comportamiento errático e irracional, estrechamente vinculado con los efectos del frío extremo. Esta inestabilidad y alteración del juicio se conoce como «frío estúpido» en la jerga habitual del montañismo. Disciplina en la que más se repiten estos casos por la constante exposición a las consecuencias del clima y la altura. Sin embargo, dentro de este cuadro psicológico y fisiológico, hay una conducta más extraña que las demás, aunque también tiene su explicación. Se llama el «desnudo paradójico» y es uno de los efectos más letales de la hipotermia. Quien lo padece, se quita la ropa súbita e ilógicamente pese al frío, acelerando el estado de pérdida de calor corporal y poniendo en riesgo su supervivencia.
El cuerpo en estado de hipotermia
El estado de hipotermia ocurre cuando un cuerpo pierde calor más rápido de lo que lo produce. Esto deriva en una disminución de la temperatura corporal a niveles inferiores a 35ºC, en promedio debe encontrarse entre 36ºC y 37ºC.
En consecuencia a este descenso, los órganos vitales y el sistema nervioso no funcionan correctamente, lo que puede provocar insuficiencia cardíaca o respiratoria y eventualmente la muerte.
Los síntomas de hipotermia comienzan por escalofríos, balbuceo, respiración superficial, debilitación del pulso, falta de coordinación, somnolencia, desorientación y pérdida de conocimiento. Estos signos suelen presentarse de forma progresiva, por lo que la confusión derivada dificulta al individuo identificar la afección de forma inmediata. Estos desajustes de consciencia son los que pueden provocar comportamientos irracionales y conductas arriesgadas.

Cómo se llega y qué sucede durante el desnudo paradójico
Como sucede ante un virus y otros factores externos, el cuerpo desencadena una especie de protocolo de seguridad para protegerse a sí mismo cuando está amenazado por el frío.
Este proceso comienza por desplazar la sangre desde las extremidades hacia los órganos vitales, para concentrar en ellos el esfuerzo y garantizar la supervivencia. Es por ello que las primeras partes del cuerpo en enfriarse y congelarse son las manos y los pies, empezando por los dedos. Para distribuir la sangre de esta manera, los vasos sanguíneos de la circulación periférica se contraen, convirtiendo las regiones externas del cuerpo en un aislante que disminuye la dispersión de calor corporal hacia el exterior y lo conserva en el centro.
Sin embargo, este esfuerzo es la causa potencial, a su vez, del desnudo paradójico. Para que los vasos sanguíneos se contraigan el cuerpo necesita energía en forma de glucosa. Al haber reducido la cantidad de sangre que llega a estos músculos y por ende la energía, con el tiempo se relajan y dejan de contraerse, sucediendo el efecto contrario. La vasodilatación.
La dilatación repentina de estos vasos permite el acceso entonces de sangre caliente que procede de las áreas internas del cuerpo. Calor, en definitiva, que no llegaba a estas regiones durante la contracción. Es en este momento cuando el individuo experimenta sensaciones de calor inesperado, incluso ardor y bochorno. Aunque en realidad, su temperatura corporal sigue descendiendo.
Esta percepción, enmarcada en un estado de confusión y alteración del juicio, provoca que la víctima se quite la ropa con rapidez para aliviarse. Lo que junto con la pérdida del mecanismo de aislamiento hace que la temperatura caiga más rápidamente, acelerando la muerte por hipotermia.
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