El efecto Fata Morgana se divisó durante siglos con inquietud y desconcierto hasta que acuñó su nombre a principios del siglo XIX en Italia. Este curioso fenómeno meteorológico engaña a nuestra vista, haciendo aparecer barcos fantasma en el horizonte, castillos de cuento y otras figuras borrosas que en su momento desataron la incertidumbre más romántica entre quienes lo observaban. Aunque hoy sea un efecto perfectamente explicable, todavía mantiene su nombre de leyenda y superstición característico. Una maravilla de la naturaleza que no deja de sorprender y fascinar cuando se le descubre.
Qué es la Fata Morgana
La Fata Morgana es una ilusión óptica natural que consiste en la proyección y elevación de objetos y formas sobre la línea del horizonte. Se debe a la separación entre las masas de aire caliente y frío, este último más denso. En condiciones normales la temperatura desciende conforme aumenta la altura, por lo que el aire caliente se encuentra más próximo a la superficie. Sin embargo, a veces se produce la inversión térmica en la atmósfera, enfriándose las masas junto al suelo más que las masas superiores.
El aire frío, dada su mayor densidad, adquiere la capacidad de refracción de la luz, es decir, cambia la dirección de los rayos cuando lo atraviesan. De esta manera, la división entre ambas masas actúa como una lente refractante que invierte la imagen, generando el efecto sobre el que parece flotar el objeto divisado. Este fenómeno sucede habitualmente en valles de alta montaña, en mares helados del Ártico o Antártico o en océanos muy en calma.
Está clasificado como un espejismo superior, distinto a los espejismos inferiores (más comunes), que crean la ilusión de lagos aparentes en desiertos o carreteras con el asfalto muy caliente.
El efecto visual que ocasiona
En términos prácticos, la Fata Morgana genera la ilusión de objetos flotantes sobre el horizonte. Se suele relacionar con leyendas de castillos, edificios «mágicos» o barcos fantasma. Pudiera ser que la historia del Holandés Errante fuese debido a este fenómeno. Lo cierto es que antes de haber sido explicado, probablemente suscitó todo tipo de teorías y temores entre la población más inocente.
La naturaleza misteriosa y fantástica del efecto fue la que diseñó su nombre, muy místico y legendario a la vez.
El origen del nombre de la Fata Morgana
Por su traducción del italiano, Fata Morgana significa «hada cambiante». El nombre hace referencia a Morgana Le Fay, la hermanastra del Rey Arturo, quien según la leyenda era una poderosa hechicera que usó magia oscura contra su hermano y todos los caballeros de la Mesa Redonda.
Aunque el fenómeno se divise en muchos lugares del planeta, su denominación es italiana porque es allí donde se bautizó, en una de las Fata Morgana más célebres en la costa meridional de Sicilia, en el estrecho de Mesina.
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