Hoy en día es lógico dar por sentado que se puede probar cualquier juego en cualquier plataforma con ultra alta definición. Pero en la década de 1970, lo que hoy consideramos normal habría sido pura ciencia ficción. En aquella época se fabricó Pong, el primer lanzamiento en masa para salas de arcade y consolas Atari. A partir de entonces, los gráficos en los videojuegos han recorrido un largo camino desde el diseño simple en 2D hasta el VR y el realismo que tenemos actualmente.
La primera etapa de los gráficos en los videojuegos
Debido a la falta de potencia de procesamiento, los videojuegos de las décadas de 1970 y 1980 tuvieron que explotar al máximo la creatividad. Hacían creer a los usuarios de arcade que estaban utilizando tecnología de gráficos muy avanzada, cuando en realidad no lo era tanto, aunque el resultado daba el pego. Se simulaba una imagen en 3D a partir de algunos trucos de perspectiva y usando líneas de diferentes colores proyectadas en puntos de fuga para crear profundidad. No existía textura real en los gráficos, como en el juego Star Wars de 1983. La técnica gráfica que se programaba entonces era, en definitiva, el 2D. Y muchos clásicos nacieron en esta etapa: Pac-man, ET el extraterrestre, Pong o Froggy. Aunque unos aplicaron estas técnicas mejor que otros.
El primer obstáculo del desarrollo de los gráficos llegó con el salto a las consolas domésticas. La Atari 2600, por ejemplo, no pudo superar los niveles del arcade. Era mucho más restrictiva y menos atractiva visualmente, tenía un número de colores limitado y una animación entrecortada.
En 1983, se lanzó el Nintendo Entertainment System y, con ella, los gráficos de 8 bits dieron un gran paso hacia adelante. Los desarrolladores de videojuegos encontraron al fin nuevas maneras de trabajar dentro de las restricciones de programación. Algunos títulos, como Mario Bros. destacaron en el mercado por su imagen fresca y su jugabilidad innovadora, asombrando a toda la comunidad.
La era de los gráficos de 16 y 32 bits
En la década de 1990, los gráficos de los videojuegos dieron un segundo gran paso hacia adelante. La era de los 16 bits introdujo paletas de colores expandidas y las imágenes eran más detalladas que nunca. Consolas como Super Nintendo y Sega Génesis mostraron lo lejos que habían llegado los gráficos en solo unos pocos años.
Casi al mismo tiempo, se estaba innovando en otras áreas de la industria. Por ejemplo, los juegos de carreras se transformaron por completo mediante una técnica llamada Modo 7, que permitía a los diseñadores crear imágenes en 3D manipulando objetos en 2D. Además, Nintendo agregó por primera vez un chip al cartucho para aumentar la potencia de procesamiento gráfico. Gracias a ello, se lanzaron juegos como Super Mario RPG, que demostró aún más calidad.
Sin embargo, no pasó mucho tiempo para que los gráficos de 16 bits se quedaran obsoletos ante la llegada de los 32 bits. La PlayStation de Sony fue la precursora en esta tecnología. Usaba CD como medio para reproducir sus juegos, lo que implicó más capacidad de almacenamiento de datos. Esto permitió agregar muchos más gráficos en 3D, aunque todavía no estaban al nivel de los juegos actuales.
La revolución de los 64 bits
La siguiente revolución en la industria llegó de la mano de Nintendo, otra vez. El paso a los 64 bits se hizo realidad con la popular Nintendo 64, que cambió definitivamente las reglas del juego. Dejando claro cuál es la clave de esta etapa, el juego Super Mario 64 de 1996 dio una vuelta de tuerca al género de plataformas en 3D. Sin embargo, la tecnología utilizada para crear estos gráficos todavía se basaba en la colocación y manipulación inteligente de los objetos. Aunque sin ellos no se hubiese podido conceptualizar lo que pronto sería un verdadero universo tridimensional.
Tres años más tarde, en 1999, Sega lanzó su consola Dreamcast. Con ella, los gráficos comenzaron a parecerse por primera vez a lo que estamos acostumbrados hoy. Los avances en el hardware de la computadora abrieron el camino a que la industria creara juegos como Sonic Adventure, que eran verdaderamente programados en 3 vectores. Dreamcast también fue la primera consola en contener un módem modular integrado para jugar en línea, aunque casi nadie lo usaba.
Con el tiempo, las grandes empresas de videojuegos actuales, Nintendo, Sony y Microsoft, siguieron su ejemplo y lo perfeccionaron con GameCube, PlayStation 2 y Xbox.
Los gráficos en los videojuegos modernos
La entrada en el siglo XXI abrió una nueva perspectiva tecnológica que hizo posible la última revolución en los gráficos. Los juegos de hoy en día se desarrollan en ultra alta definición y se ejecutan a velocidades de cuadro (frames per second) infinitamente más altas que hace dos décadas. Las imágenes han adquirido una naturaleza mucho más realista, de hecho, los gráficos en los videojuegos LA Noire, Red dead redemption 2, Horizon y Detroit Become Human, entre muchos otros, llegan a confundirse con el mundo exterior. Muchos títulos tienen alcance cinematográfico y están llenos de imágenes impresionantes que son casi fotorrealistas.
Actualmente, todas las empresas desarrolladoras están trabajando en la próxima generación, que superará seguramente cualquier expectativa. Por ejemplo, el paquete de software Frostbite ha creado juegos visualmente hermosos, que superan a algunas películas modernas. Dado que las tecnologías de realidad virtual y aprendizaje automático ofrecen aún más opciones para los programadores, puede esperarse que los gráficos se transformen aún más en las próximas décadas.
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