El Síndrome de Capgras es un trastorno psicológico poco común que provoca que el paciente se convenza firmemente de que personas de su entorno han sido reemplazados por dobles impostores. Generalmente sucede con familiares cercanos, como padres, hijos, hermanos o cónyuges. Y lleva al sujeto a desarrollar conductas incluso violentas y hostiles al no reconocer como legítima la realidad que lo rodea.
La ciencia detrás del Síndrome de Capgras
La comunidad científica todavía no tiene claro cuál es el origen de este trastorno. Sin embargo, se cree que está directamente relacionado con varias enfermedades mentales y traumas craneoencefálicos.
Hasta el momento, la explicación más aceptada sugiere que la causa de este síndrome sería un daño en la conexión entre las áreas del cerebro que se encargan del reconocimiento facial y la respuesta emocional asociada. De esta manera, el paciente puede reconocer el rostro de las personas de su entorno. Pero no es capaz de experimentar la respuesta emocional correspondiente a ese vínculo, creyéndolo así un extraño.
El trastorno no es fácil de diagnosticar ya que puede manifestarse de varias formas. Por ejemplo, el sujeto puede reconocer fácilmente a su pariente en una conversación telefónica, pero creerlo un impostor cuando lo ve en persona.
Según las teorías investigadas, el Síndrome de Capgras podría ser resultado de un trauma cerebral, una enfermedad psiquiátrica o el abuso de sustancias. Algunos expertos opinan que también podría formar parte de un diagnóstico más amplio y complejo, como la esquizofrenia paranoide o el trastorno bipolar.
El primer caso registrado en la historia
La primera vez que se identificó y documentó un caso de este síndrome fue en 1920, por el psiquiatra francés Joseph Capgras.
El caso trataba de una mujer de 53 años que estaba convencida de que su esposo, sus hijos y todos sus asistentes domésticos habían sido reemplazados por impostores. Creía además que ella misma tenía varios dobles idénticos y que todos estaban organizados en una confabulación para robar su identidad y quedarse con su herencia.
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