Que la música interviene directamente en las emociones es un hecho. Que la forma de interpretarla o de componerla depende de ellas, es evidente. Y que el escucharla influye de forma determinante en cómo nos sentimos, probablemente también lo sea. A lo largo de la vasta lista de melodías y canciones, hay varios títulos que se relacionan directamente con algún sentimiento profundo, sea bueno o malo. Entre todas ellas, una bonita canción de jazz ha tenido que cargar con el peso del desconsuelo más absoluto desde los años 30, Gloomy Sunday, la canción húngara del suicidio.
El contexto sociopolítico del momento, la incertidumbre y la guerra fueron el marco perfecto para que una canción pesimista sonase amarga. Pero sin ser suficiente el sufrimiento de la sociedad de entreguerras, los delirios de exterminio y la hostilidad ofensiva, Gloomy Sunday se sumió en una leyenda negra cargada de supuestas inmolaciones.
La composición de Gloomy Sunday. El mundo se está acabando
Como suele pasar en estos casos, la historia detrás del mito es menos truculenta de lo que se cuenta. Pero eso no deja a esta crónica exenta de tristezas y desgracias, quizá peores que los de la leyenda misma.
Gloomy Sunday, Domingo triste por su traducción al español, fue escrita y compuesta por un pianista autodidacta húngaro en el año 1933, llamado Rezso Seress. Inicialmente la canción se llamaba El mundo se está acabando y versaba justamente sobre la desesperación y el pesimismo de posguerra. La aflicción que despertaba, el quebranto y la desdicha eran tan fuertes, que en algún momento se decidió cambiar el texto y recurrieron al poeta László Jávor, quien también modificó su nombre.
Fue así como la melancólica composición de jazz pasó a llamarse Gloomy Sunday, Szomorú vasárnap en húngaro, y saltó a las radiofórmulas del momento. La nueva letra, no menos pesarosa, contaba la historia de un hombre que contemplaba el suicidio tras la muerte de su amante. Un drama más costumbrista que quizá por eso logró seducir a más oyentes en todo el mundo.
La canción del suicidio fue grabada por primera vez en su idioma original en el año 1935, por Pál Kalmár.
La leyenda urbana de la canción húngara del suicidio
Desde su lanzamiento aquel año, Gloomy Sunday fue versionada infinidad de veces por artistas de renombre y talla internacional. Dejando de lado su mala fama, era una bella composición admirada por multitud de cantantes y profesionales de la industria.
La versión que alcanzó mayor éxito fue la de Billie Holiday en 1941, la interpretación que la popularizó definitivamente y también la que extendió y amplificó su leyenda negra.
Según los relatos, Gloomy Sunday inspiró cientos de suicidios de aquellos que la escuchaban y empezó a conocerse como Hungarian suicide song, la canción húngara del suicidio. Esta nefasta reputación empezó con un suceso verídico, el suicidio de su autor, Seress, quien se quitó la vida en 1968 por razones desconocidas. A partir de ahí, el mito se creó solo.
El New York Times publicó una crónica el 13 de enero del mismo año en que relacionaba directamente la muerte del pianista con una serie de oleadas de suicidios durante los años 30, como si todo fuera fruto de la tristeza de Gloomy Sunday. Lo cierto es que aquella década fue un convulso periodo de abatimiento social desencadenado por la Gran Depresión, cuya quiebra y agitamiento llevaron a la II Guerra Mundial pocos años después.
Aunque el desconsuelo colectivo estaba bastante justificado, el devenir de los años prefirió vincularlo todo con una canción. Un jazz que cargó con toda la culpa injustamente.
La fama de Gloomy Sunday era tan terrible, que la mismísima BBC prohibió su transmisión durante décadas hasta el año 2002, permitiendo solamente una versión instrumental.
Gloomy Sunday en la cultura popular
Gloomy Sunday fue versionada por muchos cantantes famosos como Björk, Sinéad O’Connor o Sarah Brightman. Apareció en varias escenas de películas y series de televisión, siendo un recurso para enfatizar la tristeza de la trama o el mismo suicidio como tema.
Christina Ricci canta parte de Gloomy Sunday en la película The Man Who Cried. Suena al principio del drama sobre el Holocausto Shindler’s List. Aparece al principio del episodio Treehouse of Horror XVII de Los Simpson. Y tiene una mención de diálogo en el tercer capítulo de la primera temporada de 13 Reasons Why.
Como suele suceder en estos casos, la fama terminó precediendo a la canción. Una melodía condenada de forma paradógica con el tema triste del que habla su propia letra.
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