Durante la I Guerra Mundial, en una fresca y clara mañana de Navidad de 1914, miles de soldados británicos, belgas y franceses bajaron sus rifles, salieron de sus trincheras y pasaron el día mezclándose con sus enemigos alemanes a lo largo del frente occidental. Desde entonces, el evento ha sido visto como una especie de milagro, un raro momento de tregua y paz a solo unos meses de estallar una guerra que eventualmente se cobraría más de 15 millones de vidas.
El Papa Benedicto XV, que asumió el cargo en septiembre, había pedido una pausa de Navidad, una idea que fue oficialmente rechazada. Sin embargo, parece que la miseria de la vida diaria en las trincheras frías y húmedas fue suficiente para motivar a las tropas a iniciar la tregua por su cuenta. La gran variedad de relatos, anotaciones extra-oficiales y cartas de los presentes hicieron prácticamente imposible hilar a la perfección lo que sucedió entonces. Hasta el día de hoy, los historiadores continúan en desacuerdo sobre los pormenores, pero se cree que dos terceras partes de las tropas, unas 100.000 personas, estuvieron involucradas aquella noche.
Los relatos de la noche de Navidad de 1914
La mayoría de los relatos cuentan que la tregua comenzó con el canto de villancicos desde las trincheras en la víspera de Navidad de 1914.
Primero comenzaron los alemanes cantando una de sus tonadas locales, inspirando a los Ingleses que pronto siguieron con una propia. Pero no fue hasta que se escuchó por todo el campo de batalla popular O Come, All Ye Faithful, que los alemanes se unieron a todo pulmon para cantar el mismo himno en latín, Adeste Fideles. Las 2 naciones cantaron al unísono el mismo villancico en medio de una guerra en una escena brillantemente surrealista.
A la mañana siguiente, en algunos lugares, los soldados alemanes salieron de sus trincheras y gritaron «Feliz Navidad» en inglés. Los soldados aliados salieron con cautela a saludarlos. En otros, los alemanes sostenían carteles que decían «Si usted no dispara, nosotros no disparamos«. Durante el transcurso del día, las tropas intercambiaron obsequios de cigarrillos, comida, botones y sombreros. La tregua permitió, además, que ambos lados enterraran a sus compañeros caídos, cuyos cuerpos habían estado durante semanas en tierra de nadie, entre trincheras opuestas.
El fenómeno tomó diferentes formas en el frente occidental. Un relato menciona a un soldado británico a quien su barbero alemán de toda la vida, le cortó el pelo nuevamente. Varios mencionan patadas improvisadas con balones de fútbol, aunque contrariamente a la leyenda popular, es poco probable que hubiera partidos organizados, sino más bien juegos espontáneos.
Sin embargo, pese a las pinceladas de paz repentina, la tregua fue generalizada pero no universal. La evidencia sugiere que en muchos lugares continuaron los disparos, y en donde se intentó la pausa intentando confraternizar, cayeron tras disparos de las fuerzas opuestas.
El fin de la paz
Después de las horas tranquilas de aquella Navidad de 1914, más días en algunos lugares, regresaron las hostilidades. Cuando la Gran Guerra se reanudó, causó tal destrucción y devastación que los soldados se vieron obligados a endurecerse ante la brutalidad más salvaje.
De hecho, para muchos en aquel momento, la historia de esta tregua no fue ejemplo de humanidad sino de subversión. Algunos soldados consideraban que no estaban librando la misma guerra que sus superiores y a veces se encontraban sin motivos para confrontar a un enemigo impostado. Los líderes de ambos bandos identificaron cierto peligro en estas acciones pacíficas para la moral de los soldados. Aunque en el fondo el peligro fuese más bien hacia sus propios intereses. Finalmente prohibieron explícitamente cualquier «relación amistosa con el enemigo«. Se les comunicó a todos los involucrados que el enemigo es traicionero y que no mostrará clemencia. Este último pensamiento inundó la mente de casi todos los soldados y aquella noche en la que todo parecía posible, quedó cruelmente en el olvido. Hoy en día se recuerda como un milagro fugaz de la noche de Navidad.
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