Distinguir una noticia contrastada de otra que no lo es se convirtió hoy en día en una tarea tan común como cualquier otra. En una especialidad del lector, casi. Y en muchos casos, en un problema. Estamos rodeados de las llamadas fake news. Pero este tipo de (anti) periodismo no es algo moderno, sino que es tan viejo como la prensa misma. Y en su momento se le llamaba, de hecho, prensa amarillista.
El New York World y el New York Journal
A finales del siglo XIX, Estados Unidos estaba experimentando una gran transformación que colocó a Nueva York en la cima del mundo. La industrialización, el desarrollo de infraestructuras y el aumento de población inmigrante llevó a un rápido crecimiento urbano que se reflejó en un sinfín de sucesos y acontecimientos del que todo el mundo quería estar enterado. La demanda de información era cada vez mayor y rápidamente surgió la oferta correspondiente. Una gran variedad de periódicos de todo tipo y en todos los idiomas, desde alemán hasta yiddish, para alcanzar a todas las colonias europeas que todavía no eran fluidas en inglés.
Pero entre todas estas publicaciones, destacaron dos diarios por su tirada (el número de ejemplares impresos) y su gran influencia, el New York World y el New York Journal. Ambos estaban gestionados, respectivamente, por dos magnates del momento: Joseph Pulitzer (por el que se creó posteriormente el premio homónimo) y William Randolph Hearst. Para el que no sepa historia del periodismo, son dos nombres absolutamente fundamentales en esta industria o arte, según cómo se vea. Y de ellos dependió gran parte del desarrollo periodístico durante el siglo XX.
Regresando a esta crónica y dado el contexto socioeconómico del momento, la prioridad de esta prensa no era tanto informar, sino vender copias. La veracidad de las noticias, pues, era cuestionable, y la venta de ejemplares no iba de la mano con ella, por supuesto. Sino de la controversia, la manipulación, el sensacionalismo e incluso los intereses políticos.
El objetivo no era informar, era entretener. De hecho, a principios de los 1890 se incorporaron ediciones y suplementos a todo color destinados a la familia, con contenido gráfico, caricaturesco y muy poco texto. Esta sección resultó un método eficaz para alcanzar a los extranjeros que no hablaban inglés, por lo que facilitó una comunicación global a buena parte de la población, sin importar qué idioma manejaban.
El periódico como medio de entretenimiento y no de información
El suplemento animado del diario New York World, el de Pulitzer, había publicado una ilustración significativamente exitosa, creada por el dibujante Richard Felton Outcault. Se trataba de unas tiras cómicas todavía no tituladas que contaban las aventuras y travesuras de un grupo de niños. Entre ellos, un personaje en concreto llamó la atención del público: un niño vestido de amarillo.
Ante el enorme interés que despertó entre la audiencia, Hearst ofreció una gran cantidad de dinero a Outcault para que lo dibujase en su diario, el New York Journal. Y así surgió la tira cómica The Yellow Kid, El niño amarillo, como ya se le llamaba popularmente.
Pulitzer, en respuesta, contrató a George Luks para continuar el suplemento en su periódico. Esta vez bajo el nombre Hogan’s Alley.
La prensa amarillista con nombre y apellidos
La publicación constante de noticias sin contrastar, frívolas y sensacionalistas empezó a generar cierta división entre los periodistas. Para muchos era un mal uso del medio, un desaprovechamiento de su capacidad informativa y, sobre todo, una gran falta de ética y profesionalidad. Bajo estos conceptos, comenzaron a referirse a los responsables de este tipo de mala prensa como «amarillos», en alusión al personaje cómico del suplemento.
Hasta que Erwin Wardman, editor del New York Press, publicó un artículo en 1898 en el que termina por establecer ese término como crítica y desprecio hacia el periodismo sensacionalista. Conocido desde entonces como prensa amarilla o amarillista.
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