A lo largo de la historia han existido muchos padecimientos de mayor o menor gravedad relacionados únicamente con una época determinada que, con el tiempo, han terminado por disiparse. Es el caso de la peste negra o la mal llamada gripe española. Pero este tipo de casos también involucra trastornos psicológicos, como el delirio de cristal o la ilusión de cristal.
Qué es el delirio de cristal
El delirio de cristal se trata de un trastorno mental común en la Edad Media y el Renacimiento, en el que el paciente cree profundamente que su cuerpo está hecho de cristal. Por lo que se supone frágil, débil y peligrosamente quebradizo.
El convencimiento de esta condición desencadenaba crisis de pánico, ansiedad y fobias ante la idea de romperse al mínimo contacto. Llevando a actitudes de sobreprotección, aislamiento y otras conductas erráticas injustificadas.
El trastorno, en su estado más grave, puede incluir la percepción física de que efectivamente el paciente es de cristal. Ya sea en el cuerpo completo o en algunas extremidades. En algunos casos puede aplicarse incluso en los órganos internos, llevando a un sufrimiento psicológico extremo y dificultando la aceptación de actividades básicas como comer o beber.
Por qué surgió en la Edad Media
Este trastorno surgió en la Edad Media, especialmente entre los siglos XIV y XVII. Una etapa en la que el vidrio empezaba a ser un material habitual en la construcción y los objetos cotidianos. Se desarrolló sobre todo entre la clase alta y la burguesía de la época, quien tenía acceso a este tipo de artículos. La aprensión a lo nuevo y desconocido, especialmente en un contexto de ignorancia generalizada, pudo haber sido uno de los factores clave de su aparición.
Uno de los casos más antiguos conocidos es el del rey de Francia Carlos VI, apodado “el loco”. Sufrió varios problemas psiquiátricos, entre los que se encuentran algunos episodios psicóticos de delirio de cristal. El monarca se vestía con una indumentaria forrada para evitar daños ante posibles caídas y permanecía inmóvil durante largas horas para protegerse.
Otro caso conocido es el de la princesa Alexandra Amelie de Bavaria entre muchos otros nobles y ciudadanos, generalmente de clases altas. Al compositor Tchaikovski también manifestó síntomas, temiendo que su cabeza se rompiera cayendo al suelo mientras dirigía la orquesta. En su momento fue una afección tan frecuente que inspiró el título y uno de los personajes de la obra El Licenciado Vidriera de Miguel de Cervantes.
Con el paso del tiempo y a medida que el vidrio era cada vez más frecuente y menos mitificado, el trastorno comenzó a desaparecer a principios del siglo XIX.

Las teorías sobre sus causas
Explicar un trastorno mental prácticamente inexistente a día de hoy resulta muy complejo. Pero a través de la sintomatología algunos expertos han ofrecido hipótesis al respecto. En general, este trastorno podría ser resultado de un mecanismo de defensa ante la presión social, como una respuesta al miedo de mostrar fragilidad.
También se asocia con la ignorancia y con el miedo a lo desconocido, a la evolución y sus cambios.
En uno de los casos más recientes, el psiquiatra asignado consideró que una posible explicación era la necesidad de privacidad y espacio personal ante el excesivo cuidado externo. El paciente manifestaba la creencia de que su transparencia física le hacía perder su individualidad. Este concepto resulta más complejo que en casos de siglos pasados, posiblemente derivados de la ansiedad social y el aislamiento, cada vez más comunes actualmente.
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