Algunas personas experimentan un reflejo de estornudo cuando se exponen a la luz súbitamente después de cierta adaptación a la oscuridad. A esta no tan extraña condición se le llama estornudo fótico y la padecen entre un sexto y un cuarto de la población mundial. Se trata de una reacción involuntaria e inmediata de la que se barajan varias causas posibles, aunque ninguna está completamente ratificada. El fenómeno suele presentarse segundos después de recibir una luz directa y puede implicar dos o tres estornudos seguidos.
Los primeros estudios clínicos del fenómeno
La primera vez que la ciencia trató de analizar este fenómeno fue cuando un investigador francés llamado Sedan lo observó en varios pacientes tras examinar sus retinas con un oftalmoscopio, alrededor de los años 50. Tras varios estudios, descubrió que algunos de ellos estornudaban cuando los exponía a la luz solar, al flash fotográfico o incluso a la luz ultravioleta. Sin embargo, detalló que el fenómeno sucedía al momento de la primera exposición sin continuar después.
A mediados del siglo XX no había mucho registro médico de esta condición, por lo que el investigador cesó en su búsqueda considerándolo algo poco común.
Una década más tarde, el médico H. C. Everett acuñó por primera vez el término «reflejo de foto-estornudo» y la información al respecto pudo completarse. A partir de la identificación del fenómeno, surgieron varios estudios en los años 60 y en los años 2010 que ayudaron a determinar sus posibles causas.
La razón de ser del estornudo fótico
Una de las especulaciones que dan sentido al estornudo fótico es un proceso llamado «generalización parasimpática». Consiste en la activación en cadena de partes secundarias del sistema nervioso cuando éste reacciona a ciertos estímulos. En este caso, cuando la luz brillante contrae las pupilas, podría generar secreción y congestión en las membranas nasales indirectamente. Lo que llevaría al estornudo.
Aunque la razón más aceptada, debido a la velocidad del reflejo, es una asociación o interferencia entre el nervio óptico y el nervio trigémino. Cuando el nervio óptico recibe luz y transmite esta información al cerebro, también transmite cierta sobre estimulación al trigémino. Este último es responsable tanto de funciones motoras como sensitivas (el estornudo) y se divide en el nervio oftálmico, el maxilar y el mandibular. De ahí su nombre.
Lo más probable es que este rasgo se deba a una disfunción congénita hereditaria, por lo que es bastante común en la población aunque se considere extraño.
Aunque no representa ningún peligro físico para quien lo padezca, puede considerarse un factor de riesgo según en qué circunstancias. Sobre todo en casos de pilotos de combate, conductores que atraviesan un túnel y situaciones similares.
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