El 9 de noviembre de 1965, ocho estados de la Costa Este de los Estados Unidos quedaron en penumbra debido a un gran apagón eléctrico de trece horas de duración. Este evento significó el colapso momentáneo de la parte más habitada del país, incluyendo algunas áreas de Canadá. En total, 35 millones de personas fueron afectadas por el suceso, que en su momento se consideró un problema sin precedentes.
La sucesión de acontecimientos del apagón de 1965
Todo comenzó alrededor de las cinco y media de la tarde del 9 de noviembre. Una avería afectó toda la red eléctrica, incluyendo redes subterráneas, tráfico aéreo, medios de comunicación y tránsito. La oscuridad cubrió un área de 128,000 km2, incluyendo los estados de Massachusetts, Nuevo Hampshire, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Vermont, Nueva Jersey, Pensilvania y Nueva York. Lo que suponía una quinta parte de la población total estadounidense. Además de algunas zonas de Quebec y Ontario, en Canadá. Los últimos momentos del día son los que viven más movimiento en las ciudades, especialmente Nueva Yok: salidas de oficina, traslados en metro y transporte público, tráfico urbano, etc. El apagón afectó a más de un millón de personas que se quedaron atrapadas durante horas en ascensores, metros y otros espacios, donde sea que estuviesen cuando los sorprendió el corte de luz. De hecho, tuvieron que activarse varios protocolos de evacuación en trenes para desalojar a los pasajeros al no poder resolver los problemas eléctricos en las vías.
El apagón duró hasta las seis de la mañana del día siguiente, habiendo afectado en total a 35 millones de personas. La zona damnificada era entonces una de las más pobladas y desarrolladas tecnológicamente del mundo. Por lo que la parálisis absoluta causada por el apagón fue un evento de gran envergadura.
Atascos masivos en las calles, gente abandonando sus vehículos en embotellamientos al no haber semáforos ni control de tráfico, total desconcierto, incertidumbre y caos.
El tráfico aéreo se alteró drásticamente. Los aeropuertos de la Guardia y el JFK de Nueva York detuvieron sus operaciones, dejando bloqueadas a más de 800,000 personas en Washington. Los vuelos que estaban en curso durante el apagón modificaron sus trayectorias al no haber suficientes pistas de aterrizaje disponibles, ni comunicación entre torres de control.
El único medio que pudo mantenerse al aire durante las horas de oscuridad fue la radio gracias a sus equipos de emergencia. Cuyas emisiones se destinaron a tratar de tranquilizar a la población inquieta y desorientada.
Las causas del incidente y las consecuencias a largo plazo
Se supo que el corte había sido causado por un colapso en cadena en la red de 375,000 voltios que interconectaba Canadá con el norte de los Estados Unidos, derivado de una sobrecarga. El hecho sirvió como una vergonzosa evidencia de lo vulnerables que eran las grandes ciudades entonces ante problemas que no deberían suceder. Una dependencia tecnológica que, aunque hoy estemos mejor preparados para evitar estos casos, seguimos manteniendo.
Dos días más tarde, el 11 de noviembre, se registró un segundo fallo en el suministro eléctrico en Attica, Nueva York, y ocho comunidades más. Aunque se descartó la conexión entre ambos sucesos.
Nueve meses después del apagón, Nueva York registró el índice de natalidad más alto de su historia hasta el momento.
Los apagones de 1977, 1996 y 2003
Sin embargo, el que se había considerado un fenómeno sin precedentes, volvió a repetirse tres veces más en las décadas posteriores.
El 13 de julio de 1977, el área metropolitana de la ciudad de Nueva York vivió otro apagón, esta vez más largo, de 25 horas. De todos los casos de este tipo, el de 1977 probablemente fue el más caótico, ya que al haber mantenido ocupados a miles de policías y bomberos, se sucedieron un gran número de actos vandálicos, saqueos y hurtos.
El 11 de agosto de 1996, sucedió uno nuevo en la Costa Oeste y algunas regiones del noroeste de México. En esta ocasión, el suceso afectó a unos 4 millones de habitantes durante diez horas.
Fuente de la imagen: La Vanguardia
Finalmente, el 14 de agosto de 2003 tuvo lugar un último corte en las capitales del noreste de los Estados Unidos y el este de Canadá. Alrededor de seis horas, entre las cuatro y las diez de la tarde noche, el apagón dejó sin luz a 50 millones de personas. Este último caso fue especialmente confuso y turbulento debido a los recuerdos en la población de los sucesos del 11 de septiembre dos años antes. De este día quedaron varias fotografías de ciudades masificadas de gente caminando hacia sus casas, a falta de otras alternativas.
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