El experimento de los 5 monos es ya bastante conocido hoy en día en la cultura popular. Sobre todo porque nos da explicación a muchas conductas por condicionamiento que actualmente ocurren en nuestra sociedad. Recientes acercamientos del tema han dado origen a nuevas teorías que ayudan a comprender ciertas situaciones identificadas en el ambiente laboral y pueden ser corregidas al aplicar los principios aprendidos a partir de esta premisa.
Desarrollo del experimento
El experimento es el siguiente. Un investigador mete a cinco monos en una jaula grande. En el centro, y colgado de la parte superior, se encuentra un racimo de plátanos al que solamente se puede acceder si se utiliza una escalera colocada debajo de ellos.
Cuando el primer mono va por los plátanos, el investigador rocía a los cinco monos con agua helada durante cinco minutos. Todos, en este punto, se encuentran confundidos, mojados y, en cierta manera, humillados.
Algún tiempo después, un segundo mono valiente, sin pensar en las consecuencias o tal vez imaginando que la primera ocasión fue solamente coincidencia, intenta ir a por los plátanos. Nuevamente a los cinco monos les toca un manguerazo con agua helada durante cinco minutos.
Posteriormente, el investigador guarda la manguera para nunca volver a usarla. Aquí es donde empieza lo bueno, cuando un tercer mono intenta ir a por las bananas, los otros cuatro lo atacan inmediatamente para evitar que suba esa escalera. Temen que el castigo, ya conocido, pueda regresar.
La adquisición de conducta por condicionamiento
Después de esta primera fase, el investigador reemplaza a uno de los monos por uno nuevo que no formó parte del experimento original y que nunca ha sido rociado con agua. Tan pronto como éste toca la escalera para ir a por los plátanos, los otros cuatro lo atacan para evitar que lo haga. Él, obviamente, no entiende por qué, pero cuando lo intenta de nuevo, lo vuelven a atacar. El nuevo mono aprende a no perseguir los plátanos y entiende que el intentarlo tiene consecuencias negativas.
El investigador reemplaza un segundo sujeto y se repite la misma situación. Intenta ir por las bananas y es detenido por el resto de monos, incluyendo el primer sustituto que nunca recibió el castigo. El investigador continúa reemplazando uno a uno a todos los monos, hasta que los cinco originales se eliminaron de la jaula. Cada vez que un mono nuevo intenta ir a por los plátanos, los demás lo atacan inmediatamente, sin haber presenciado ninguno de ellos el castigo del agua fría.
De esta manera, todos ellos adquirieron una conducta por condicionamiento de manera indirecta, sin saber exactamente por qué. De hecho, los investigadores plantean la hipótesis de que si les preguntaran a los monos por qué no van por los plátanos, responderían «porque así es como siempre se ha hecho».
La aplicación corporativa de la premisa del experimento de los 5 monos
Existe cierta controversia sobre la existencia o no del experimento de los 5 monos. Pero su análisis lleva a muchas reflexiones sobre los preceptos de la sociedad actual y la base de la conducta de muchas personas. Uno de los campos en los que es más fácil identificar este tipo de condicionamiento es el ámbito empresarial.
Como dueños de negocios, hay mucho que aprender de esto, incluso si solo se ve como una analogía. El experimento de los 5 monos dice mucho sobre la omnipresencia de las tradiciones dentro de una organización y de una sociedad en sí.
Las tradiciones son parte de cada empresa, especialmente si la mayoría de la fuerza laboral ha existido por algún tiempo. Pero esas tradiciones pueden ser perjudiciales para el progreso dentro de su lugar de trabajo, especialmente cuando los nuevos empleados no pueden plantear nuevas ideas. Muchos se acostumbran a hacer algo de la forma en que siempre se ha hecho solo porque es habitual hacerlo de esa manera.
El experimento de los cinco monos, por lo tanto, nos enseña que debemos desafiarnos constantemente para ver las cosas desde una nueva perspectiva. Cuestionar lo que no se considera que esté bien y evitar usar la excusa de «siempre lo hemos hecho así», probar cosas nuevas y diversificarse en nuevas direcciones. En otras palabras, si queremos ese «plátano», hay momentos en que tendremos que ser creativos y permitir que se prueben cosas nuevas.
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