La escala de Richter es una escala logarítmica diseñada para medir y cuantificar la energía liberada en un terremoto. Los primeros comentarios mediáticos e informativos después de algún movimiento sísmico alrededor del mundo es la magnitud del temblor de acuerdo a esta escala, un término conocido por todos. Pero ¿cómo funciona realmente la asignación numérica? ¿De qué variables depende su logaritmo? ¿Y es el único método para medir estos fenómenos?
Charles Francis Richter y Beno Gutenberg
Aunque el nombre de la ecuación sugiere que tuvo un único desarrollador, la escala de Richter fue planteada y establecida por dos sismólogos de la Universidad de Pasadena, en California. Charles Francis Richter y Beno Gutenberg. Lo hicieron en 1935 con el objetivo de medir la fuerza de los terremotos de acuerdo a su magnitud. Específicamente, buscando un modo de separar los terremotos mayores y poco frecuentes de los comunes más pequeños y centrándose en el área de California. Que como ya se sabe, su geografía cuenta con una altísima actividad sísmica. De acuerdo a estos principios, establecieron lo siguiente:
Donde:
- A es la amplitud de las ondas en milímetros tomadas en el sismograma (generado por el sismógrafo).
- Δt es el tiempo en segundos desde el inicio de las ondas primarias (P) al inicio de las ondas secundarias (S).
- Y M es la magnitud arbitraria, constante a terremotos que liberan la misma cantidad de energía.
El hecho de que la escala de Richter sea logarítmica y no lineal es una de sus cualidades más importantes. Esto significa que la magnitud asociada a cada grado en la escala no aumenta bajo un crecimiento constante, sino exponencial. En términos prácticos, un terremoto de intensidad 4 no es el doble que uno de intensidad 2, sino que es 100 veces más fuerte y así sucesivamente.
Charles Francis Richter, concretamente, dedicó su vida a la investigación de la sismología, haciendo posible el desarrollo del conocimiento al respecto que se tiene a día de hoy. Algunos de los libros de su obra siguen siendo grandes referentes en la materia y parte de la comunidad científica los considera mayor contribución que la propia escala que lleva su nombre.
Los límites de la escala de Richter
Teóricamente, la escala de Richter puede medir magnitudes de hasta 12 grados, una intensidad casi inimaginable que podría compararse con la potencia de un billón de toneladas de TNT y fuerzas capaces de destruir planetas. Sin embargo, la escala se utiliza mundialmente para terremotos entre 2 y 6.9 grados, y de 0 a 400 km de profundidad. Los seísmos con magnitudes superiores se miden con la Escala Sismológica de Magnitud de Momento, introducida en 1979 por Thomas C. Hanks y Hiroo Kanamori como la sucesora de la principal.
La razón de esta discrepancia es que esta última es más precisa al medir valores extremos, ya que carece de un umbral por encima del cual todos los grandes terremotos reflejan magnitudes similares.
La clasificación de la escala de Richter
Aunque los daños producidos por un terremoto no dependen exclusivamente de su grado en la escala de Richter, sino también de otras variables como duración, epicentro, hipocentro, naturaleza de las placas tectónicas, volcanes, y otras características geológicas de la zona, existe una relación entre la escala y las consecuencias perceptibles.
- Menos de 3.9 grados, normalmente imperceptible.
- Entre 4 y 4.9 grados, perceptibles pero sin daños.
- Entre 5 y 5.9 grados, perceptible con daños menores, aunque en edificios antiguos los daños pueden ser graves.
- De 6 a 6.9 grados, puede ocasionar daños severos en áreas pobladas en un perímetro de 160 km.
- De 7 a 7.9 grados, considerado terremoto mayor, puede causar daños graves en muchas zonas. Alcanzan una frecuencia superior a 15 cada año.
- Entre 8 y 8.9 grados, terremotos de alta magnitud que pueden causar graves daños en perímetros de cientos de km. Se producen entre 1 y 3 veces al año.
- Entre 9 y 9.9 grados, terremotos devastadores en perímetros de miles de km. Pueden suceder una o dos veces cada veinte años.
- De 10 grados o más, tendría consecuencias apocalípticas. Todavía no se ha registrado ninguno.
El terremoto registrado con mayor magnitud en la historia sucedió en Valdivia, Chile, en 1960. Alcanzó 9.5 grados en la escala de Richter y afectó a alrededor de 2,000,000 de habitantes. Hundió la ciudad 4 metros bajo el nivel del mar y provocó la erupción del volcán Puyehue. La medición de los seísmos no comenzó a realizarse hasta el siglo XX, por lo que se desconoce si existió alguno mayor anteriormente y las consecuencias que pudieran haber tenido.
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