La epopeya de Gilgamesh es una narración acadia (una de las literaturas más antiguas del mundo), con estructura en verso que cuenta las hazañas del rey Gilgamesh. Un supuesto soberano de la ciudad sumeria de Uruk, actual Irak, y héroe de la mitología mesopotámica. La epopeya se basa en cinco poemas sumerios independientes y, en total, constituyen la obra épica más antigua de la historia conocida.
Estos escritos datan del tercer milenio antes de Cristo y tienen poco valor para la comunidad religiosa al tratarse de mitos politeístas asociados a los pueblos paganos de la época. Sin embargo, algunos religiosos han estudiado las ideas y conceptos creacionistas que se presentan en la epopeya. Desde su descubrimiento a mediados del siglo XIX en las ruinas de la biblioteca de Nínive, esta obra ha sido de gran interés para el mundo entero. Y es inevitable notar ciertos paralelismos entre este relato y el Diluvio Universal descrito en la Biblia cristiana.
Incluso los eruditos seculares han reconocido la relación entre los relatos babilónico, fenicio y hebreo, aunque no todos están dispuestos a etiquetar las conexiones como algo más que una mitología compartida.
La Epopeya de Gilgamesh está contenida en doce tablillas grandes y, desde el descubrimiento original, se ha encontrado en otras además de haber sido traducida a otros idiomas de la época. Las tablillas reales datan de alrededor del 650 a.C. y obviamente no son originales, ya que se han encontrado fragmentos de la historia del diluvio en tablillas fechadas alrededor del 2000 a.C. Los expertos en lingüística creen que la historia se compuso mucho antes del 2000 a.C., compilado a partir de material mucho más antiguo que esa fecha. Se ha estimado que la escritura cuneiforme sumeria se remonta al año 3300 a.C.

Fuente de la imagen: Museo Británico
EL relato de Gilgamesh
La figura principal de la epopeya es Gilgamesh, quien en realidad pudo haber sido una persona histórica. El relato comienza presentando las hazañas del héroe, un hombre iluminado que tenía gran conocimiento y sabiduría. El objetivo principal que se planteó era la preservación de la información de los días antes del diluvio. El héroe escribió en tablas de piedra todo lo que había hecho, incluida la construcción de las murallas de la ciudad de Uruk y su templo para Eanna, uno de los dioses principales de Sumeria.
Según la historia registrada en los textos, Gilgamesh era un gobernante opresivo, lo que hizo que sus súbditos clamaran a los dioses para que crearan una némesis que causara la disputa de Gilgamesh. Después de una pelea, este enemigo llamado Enkidu se convirtió en fiel compañero de Gilgamesh y los dos partieron en busca de peligrosas gestas y aventuras, en las que finalmente Enkidu pierde la vida. Gilgamesh decide, a partir de ese momento, dedicar su tiempo en encontrar la inmortalidad ya que ahora teme profundamente a la muerte. Es en esta búsqueda que conoce a Utnapishtim, el personaje que más se parece al Noé bíblico.
Utnapishtim era un ser humano que se había vuelto inmortal después de construir un barco para lidiar con el Gran Diluvio que destruyó a toda la humanidad. Llevó a todos sus parientes y todas las especies animales a bordo del barco y, después de un tiempo de inundaciones, liberó algunos pájaros para encontrar tierra. Tras la catástrofe apocalíptica, el barco encalló en una montaña. Con la descripción de esta historia, la epopeya termina con relatos de la visita de Enkidu al inframundo.
Aunque existen muchas similitudes entre este relato y el Diluvio Universal, también existen serias diferencias.
La comparación entre ambos textos
Es necesario hacer algunos comentarios sobre las comparaciones en las tablas. Algunas de las similitudes son muy llamativas, mientras que otras son muy generales.
- La orden para Utnapishtim de construir el barco es notable:
«Oh hombre de Shuruppak, hijo de Ubar-Tutu, derriba tu casa, construye un barco; abandona las riquezas, busca la vida; desprecia las posesiones, salva tu vida. Trae la semilla de toda clase de seres vivientes en el barco que construirás. Que sus dimensiones sean bien medidas«.
- La causa del diluvio, enviada en juicio por los pecados del hombre, también es sorprendente. La undécima tablilla, línea 180, dice:
«Ponga sobre el pecador su pecado, imponga al transgresor su transgresión«.
Un estudio encuentra paralelismos entre esos versos y Génesis 6-9 de la Biblia, entre otros.
Los significados de los nombres de los héroes, sin embargo, no tienen absolutamente ninguna raíz o conexión común. Noé significa «descanso», mientras que Utnapishtim significa «hallador de la vida». Ninguno de los dos era perfecto, pero ambos eran considerados justos y relativamente impecables en comparación con quienes los rodeaban.
Utnapishtim llevó a un capitán en el arca y algunos artesanos, no solamente a su familia. Es interesante que ambos relatos ubican el lugar de varadura a la misma región del Medio Oriente. Pero sin embargo, el monte Ararat, mencionado en la Biblia, y el monte Nisir, mencionado en las tablas, están a unas 300 millas de distancia. La bendición que recibió cada héroe después del diluvio también fue bastante diferente. A Utnapishtim se le concedió la vida eterna, mientras que a Noé se le otorgó el arte de la agricultura y tierras fértiles, además del dominio sobre los animales.

Conclusiones inconclusas
Desde los primeros días del estudio comparativo entre estos dos relatos, hay una aceptación generalizada de que existe una relación obvia. La repetición de la descripción del diluvio en diversas culturas y épocas es, además, una posible evidencia de la existencia de un acontecimiento natural de esas características.
La datación de los fragmentos más antiguos del relato de Gilgamesh originalmente indica que es anterior a la crónica bíblica. Sin embargo, existe la posibilidad de que el relato bíblico se hubiera conservado como una tradición oral, transmitida desde Noé a través de los patriarcas y finalmente a Moisés. Haciéndolo así más antiguo que las narraciones sumerias que fueron reformulaciones del original.
La verdad sobre este asunto es todavía un misterio que envuelve todo tipo de teorías y especulaciones, incluso polémicas. Lo que es indiscutible es el empeño de nuestra especie por descubrir todos los secretos de nuestro pasado.
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