Francisco de Goya es uno de pintores más importantes de la historia del arte española. Desarrolló su obra entre finales del siglo XVIII y principios del XIX.
Destacó en diferentes estilos y movimientos artísticos como el Rococó, inspirado en la naturaleza y la mitología, los cuerpos desnudos, la elegancia y la sensualidad. El Neoclasicismo, traído por los principios intelectuales y filosóficos de la Ilustración. Y el Prerromanticismo, que sería la antesala del Romanticismo como corriente totalmente opuesta a la anterior.

Goya recibió la influencia de dos de los exponentes más importantes del Barroco en la Europa del siglo XVII, como son Diego Velázquez y Rembrandt. Su arte no solo supuso un gran valor durante su propia época, sino que sentó los precedentes de algunas de las tendencias vanguardistas del siglo XX, como el Expresionismo.
Aunque es mundialmente conocido por su interpretación humanista de Venus en La Maja Desnuda (y posteriormente La Maja Vestida), un encargo del primer ministro del rey Carlos IV, Manuel de Godoy, Goya destaca por una de las series más impactantes de la pintura española: las catorce pinturas negras.
Las pinturas negras
Las pinturas negras pertenecen a la última etapa en activo de Francisco de Goya, periodo comprendido entre 1819 y 1823. En ese tiempo, Goya estuvo fuertemente marcado por la Guerra de Independencia Española que estalló en 1808 y duró seis años.
Este conflicto surgió de la rebelión popular española del 2 de mayo de 1808 en el marco de las Guerras Napoleónicas. Las contiendas que enfrentaron a España, Reino Unido y Portugal contra un Imperio Francés ávido por la hegemonía de todo el territorio europeo.
En este contexto, Goya retrata las consecuencias de una época convulsa marcada por la crueldad, la violencia atroz, la muerte y el más absorto pesimismo. Las pinturas negras deben su nombre a un estilo oscuro, no solo en cuanto a los colores y los tonos empleados, sino a la temática y a las imágenes representadas.
Esta serie supuso un cambio radical en los trabajos de Goya, que al parecer se dejó llevar por supuestos tormentos, delirios y una sordera incipiente alimentados por su nueva visión pesimista de una vida de posguerra.
Las catorce pinturas negras son Una manola: Leocadia Zorrilla, El Santo Oficio, Asmodea, Las parcas (Atropos), Duelo a garrotazos, Dos viejos, La romería de San Isidro, El aquelarre o El Gran Cabrón, Dos viejos comiendo sopa, Saturno devorando a sus hijos, Judit y Holofernes, Dos mujeres y un hombre, La lectura y Perro semihundido.


En ellas, destacan la representación negativa del paso del tiempo, la muerte y su intervención inevitable en el mundo de los vivos. La desesperación, la angustia, la ira y la violencia más salvaje. La desazón y la falta de esperanza.


A mi parecer, uno de los elementos más valiosos de esta serie es la capacidad de Goya para transmitir la locura espantosa, la pérdida total de la humanidad y la barbarie más insufrible de la guerra en los rostros y expresiones de sus personajes. Miradas perdidas, frías y desalmadas que hielan la piel y reproducen minuciosamente el conjunto de sentimientos negativos que Goya experimentaba.
Exposición de Goya en el Museo del Prado
Goya creó las pinturas negras en forma de mural en las paredes de su propia casa. Posteriormente y ante el peligro de su destrucción, fueron trasladadas a lienzo mediante una técnica especial que permitió llevarlas a la Exposición Universal de París de 1878.
Tras cierto fracaso y ninguna venta, las catorce obras fueron cedidas al Museo del Prado en Madrid en 1881 y expuestas de forma íntegra en 1898, donde permanecen hasta el día de hoy.
Para los amantes de la pintura, presentarse ante esta colección es más que una experiencia artística. Es entrar en contacto con una de las mentes más prodigiosas de la historia del arte en Europa. Conocer lo más profundo de los sentimientos de Goya, leer entre las líneas de un alma cuarteada por la brutalidad de la vida, la decepción y la deshumanización más implacable traída por el sadismo de la guerra. Sin duda, un viaje obligatorio hacia la oscuridad más absoluta de la historia de España.
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