Entre toda la obra de Pablo Picasso, el Guernica es probablemente su pintura más internacional y trascendente en significado. El óleo fue pintado entre los meses de mayo y junio del año 1937, en plena Guerra Civil española.
El contexto histórico de la pintura, la guerra, la causa republicana y la lucha por la democracia marcaron el legado del Guernica, como uno de los cuadros más reivindicativos e insurgentes. Un símbolo de los desastres y el sufrimiento del conflicto armado, la ira, la devastación y el desamparo. Una obra maestra del arte cubista que no quedó exento de polémicas y controversia, pero cuyo valor trascendió más allá de las interpretaciones políticas y pasó a convertirse en una de las creaciones más importantes del siglo XX.
Cuando estalló la II Guerra Mundial, Picasso concedió la custodia de la pintura al Museum of Modern Art (MOMA) de Nueva York. En 1958 el préstamo fue renovado por tiempo indefinido hasta que se estableció un gobierno democrático en España, al término de la dictadura militar de Francisco Franco. El Guernica está expuesto en el Museo Reina Sofía de Madrid desde el año 1992.
La inspiración del Guernica
El 18 de julio de 1936 dio comienzo la Guerra Civil española tras un golpe de Estado llevado a cabo por una parte de las fuerzas armadas en levantamiento contra el gobierno de la Segunda República. El conflicto duraría tres años y marcaría una importante división del país en dos bandos segmentados en varias corrientes ideológicas políticas y sociales. La guerra desató lucha de clases, enfrentamientos religiosos, surgimientos nacionalistas, fascistas, comunistas y, principalmente, el conflicto entre la dictadura militar y la democracia republicana. El último parte de guerra fue firmado por el golpista Francisco Franco el 1 de abril de 1939, declarándose victorioso y estableciendo una dictadura hasta la fecha de su muerte, el 20 de noviembre de 1975.
En un contexto de entreguerras mundiales, la Guerra Civil española sirvió como una antesala para algunos de los movimientos de las fuerzas del fascismo europeo que se estaban consolidando. Tanto Alemania como Italia colaboraron con el bando sublevado en la revolución que detonó el conflicto, proveyendo tropas y armamento en varias de las batallas.
El 26 de abril de 1937, la Legión Cóndor alemana y la Aviación Legionaria italiana ejecutaron la Operación Rügen, el bombardeo de Guernica. Un ataque aéreo sobre el municipio de Guernica, en la provincia de Vizcaya, en el País Vasco, que terminó con la vida de alrededor de 120 habitantes.
Las noticias que en su momento informaron del suceso, junto con varias fotografías tomadas a posteriori, fueron la inspiración de Picasso para representar la escena en su obra. Un cuadro que no necesariamente hace alusión al mismo bombardeo, sino que simboliza los horrores y la brutalidad de la guerra.
Los detalles del cuadro, su significado e impacto
Artísticamente hablando, el Guernica destaca por la contención cromática del blanco y negro. La naturaleza geométrica y la perspectiva múltiple carente de profundidad otorgan carga dramática a su significativa escena de tragedia y dolor. Las líneas rectas y la intensidad de las formas y las imágenes representan el desastre y la desdicha, una insignia perenne de las consecuencias de cualquier conflicto.
Pese a que su simbología contextual es clara, el Guernica despertó muchas teorías y especulaciones en cuanto a su interpretación más profunda. Algunos analistas y estudiosos de la obra identifican dos grupos de elementos. Por un lado el toro, el caballo herido y el pájaro del fondo. Por otro lado los humanos: un soldado muerto, la madre que sostiene el cuerpo de su hijo, la mujer que entra en escena por la derecha, la que camina arrastrándose y el que clama al cielo ante una casa en llamas.
Las teorías de la simbología
El toro se relaciona según algunos con la brutalidad y la oscuridad. El caballo con las víctimas inocentes de la guerra. El pájaro, que pudiera ser una paloma, con la paz rota o el arte destruido en los bombardeos. El soldado muerto sostiene una flor, un rayo de esperanza entre la desolación. La madre con su hijo se relaciona habitualmente con La Piedad de Miguel Ángel, la representación de la Virgen María sosteniendo a su hijo muerto. La mujer que entra en escena con la mirada perdida se relaciona con una metáfora de la República asolada. La mujer que se arrastra herida muestra los horrores y desastres de la guerra. La casa en llamas representa la arquitectura destruida junto al resto de las artes. Y el hombre clamando al cielo ante el incendio simboliza el hartazgo de la guerra y el reclamo a los aviones bombarderos.
La imagen de una bombilla en la parte superior de la obra es la que más misterios guarda para los intérpretes. Para algunos es una bomba, para otros simboliza el avance de la ciencia como virtud de evolución y como defecto que construye armas destructoras. También se le atribuye una lectura teológica, como el ojo de la providencia. O como constelación Pegaso, un sol que representa la salvación del arte ante la devastación.
La creación del Guernica, un icono del siglo XX
Pese a las posibles interpretaciones y análisis del cuadro, se trata indudablemente de una obra maestra de la pintura en el siglo XX y en la historia.
El cuadro tiene unas dimensiones de 7.7 metros de largo por 3.4 metros de alto, encargado para cubrir el atrio del Pabellón de la República Española de la Exposición Internacional de París de 1937. Picasso lo terminó en 7 semanas y él mismo lo valuó en unos 30,000 euros teniendo en cuenta solamente los gastos. Antes del cuadro original, desarrolló 45 bocetos que incluían símbolos de resistencia e incluso color.
Como curiosidad, el partido nazi lo incluyó en la lista de creaciones prohibidas y denostadas para la Exposición del 37, minimizando el valor de la obra y todo el mérito de su creador.
Como tal, el Guernica es la representación más brillante de la capacidad creadora y destructiva del ser humano. Las proezas magníficas de las que somos capaces, y el cataclismo exterminador que también nos caracteriza. Una obra maestra eterna que quedará en la historia como un recuerdo de guerra, de amargura y pesadumbre que también ensalza la belleza, el arte y el resurgimiento de las bondades de nuestra especie.
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