Las disputas por territorios eran relativamente comunes en América del Norte en el siglo XIX. Con la expansión de los exploradores, los roces incómodos entre naciones estaban destinados a surgir. El Tratado de Oregón fue creado para aclarar en gran parte estas disputas. Se firmó entre Estados Unidos y Gran Bretaña para regular el espacio desde las Montañas Rocosas y la costa del Pacífico, en la frontera de Oregón y lo que ahora es Canadá. Dividía el mapa de manera bastante uniforme en el paralelo 49 oeste, con una pequeña excepción: la isla de San Juan. La confusión y el desacuerdo sobre la soberanía de dicho lugar llevó a ambos países a reclamar la propiedad de la isla. No fue hasta 1849 que el problema en la frontera comenzó a escalar significativamente y todo fue provocado por un cerdo. De ahí el nombre de la Guerra del Cerdo, Pig War en inglés.
Durante 13 años, tanto ciudadanos británicos como estadounidenses vivieron en la isla con poca animosidad. Los británicos establecieron la Hudson’s Bay Company, una exitosa empresa de curación de salmón y cría de ovejas. Mientras que los estadounidenses se asentaron en la tierra y cultivaron.
El inicio de la Guerra del Cerdo
El 15 de junio de 1849 un granjero estadounidense llamado Lyman Cutlar vio a un cerdo comiéndose las papas de su terreno y le disparó. El cerdo resultó ser propiedad de un empleado británico de la Compañía de la Bahía de Hudson, Charles Griffin. Cuando recibió la noticia del suceso, se enojó sustancialmente y denunció los crímenes a las autoridades británicas, que amenazaron a Cutlar con arrestarlo.
Otros estadounidenses apoyaron a Cutlar e idearon una petición para brindarle protección militar. El general William S. Harney, un comandante del Departamento de Oregon con un fuerte sesgo anti-británico, recibió esta petición y envió a 66 soldados a la isla de San Juan para la protección del granjero.
Fuente de la imagen: Wikipedia
Los británicos, no tomando amablemente esta muestra de agresión, tomaron represalias enviando tres buques de guerra a la zona. El resultado fue un breve y absurdo enfrentamiento, con ambos bandos incrementando la potencia de fuego, hasta reunir al menos cinco navíos británicos y más de 400 soldados estadounidenses con cañones estacionados y listos para el ataque.
La conclusión del conflicto a manos de Alemania
Cuando los funcionarios de Londres y Washington se enteraron del conflicto, intervinieron. Para reducir rápidamente la situación, limitaron el número de residentes a 100 personas en ambos lados. Cedieron la mitad superior del territorio a los británicos y la mitad inferior a los estadounidenses, hasta que se pudiera llegar a un acuerdo formal sobre la soberanía y así mitigar las tensiones.
En 1872, Alemania arbitró oficialmente el conflicto y otorgó la tierra finalmente a Estados Unidos. A día de hoy todavía se conmemora la isla como el lugar donde Estados Unidos y el Reino Unido casi desataron una guerra por la muerte de un cerdo.
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