Los berserker también conocidos como berserks eran guerreros nórdicos de élite que lucharon durante la era vikinga desde el siglo IX hasta su desaparición en el siglo XII. Supuestamente, enfrentaron cada campo de batalla con intensa rabia, valentía y el favor de los dioses.
La misma palabra berserk entró en el idioma inglés a través del nórdico antiguo. Su etimología refiere al poder físico devastador de estos luchadores campeones y hace referencia actualmente a las personas que pierden la cabeza en un estado de furia extrema.
La temible reputación de los berserker
En nórdico antiguo, el término berserker se compone de ber, que significa «oso» y serkr, que significa «abrigo». Así, la indumentaria habitual de estos guerreros constaba esencialmente de la piel de un oso u otro animal, como lobos o jabalíes.
Su forma de afrontar las batallas era absolutamente aterradora para el enemigo y sus compatriotas. De hecho, las acciones frenéticas y caóticas de los berserker eran altamente documentadas en las sagas nórdicas. Aullaban como lobos, rugían como osos, gritaban como águilas y mordían sus escudos para petrificar a sus oponentes.
Desde el siglo IX, se decía que los berserker eran capaces de hacer cosas que las personas comunes no podían. Según las leyendas, eran indestructibles y ningún arma podía sacarlos de su trance. Se les describió incluso inmunes al fuego y al golpe de una espada, continuando siempre su lucha a pesar de lo mortal de sus heridas.
Por estas razones su reputación logró extenderse hasta nuestros días. El rey Harald Fairhair de Noruega fue el monarca que más explotó esta ferocidad y crueldad. Los mantuvo al servicio de su gobierno como tropas intimidatorias. Se han hallado escritos que cuentan que llegó a tener una fuerza de élite berserker como guardaespaldas personales.
El historiador y poeta islandés Snorri Sturluson escribió en la saga Ynglinga que los berserker eran los guerreros favoritos del dios Odín. De hecho, su asociación mítica en la literatura nórdica antigua abunda tanto en las sagas como en los poemas de la época y ayudaron a difundir todavía más sus historias en el pasado.
La razón de la violencia implacable de los guerreros
Algunos investigadores creen que la ferocidad y violencia de los berserker se debía a una histeria autoinducida antes de pelear. Otros, sin embargo, lo relacionan el consumo de drogas, alcohol o incluso enfermedades mentales, que efectivamente podrían dar explicación a su inestable comportamiento. Varios expertos botánicos han afirmado que su conducta podría ser consecuencia de la ingesta de hongos alucinógenos o una planta llamada bog myrtle, una de las principales especias en las bebidas alcohólicas escandinavas.
Pero más allá de estas teorías científicas, existen otras más esotéricas que implican creencias sobrenaturales. Según estas hipótesis, los vikingos se involucraban en asuntos de trance espiritual y los berserker se dejaban poseer por espíritus de lobos u osos. De acuerdo a estos mitos, bebían la sangre del animal elegido para más tarde poseer sus cuerpos. Aunque se trate de teorías místicas y extrañas, estas prácticas y principios se han visto también en tribus nativas de Norteámerica, a lo largo del tiempo.
Sea cual sea la naturaleza de la barbarie de los berserker, su papel en la sociedad nórdica disminuyó gradualmente a raíz de la tumultuosa caída de la era vikinga. De hecho, a principios del siglo XII, tanto en la Noruega medieval como en Islandia, fueron proscritos. Primero por voluntad de Eric Haakonsson, conde de Lade, y luego por las Leyes de la Oca Gris, el código legal islandés medieval que prohibió estrictamente este tipo de conductas. Finalmente y de un día para otro, los berserker se convirtieron de guerreros invencibles a críminales perseguidos por la justicia.
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