La evolución tecnológica sustentada en el control mental se considera como la capacidad de detectar actividad eléctrica en el cerebro a través del cráneo y, a partir de ahí, tener control sobre ella. Este avance cambiará pronto y profundamente la manera en la que la sociedad interactúa con su entorno.
Los nuevos métodos para estimular circuitos cerebrales específicos pueden ser usados en diversos campos que van desde el entretenimiento hasta la medicina. En este último, pueden tratar enfermedades neurológicas y mentales al controlar la conducta. Este es un umbral al cual nos enfrentaremos a corto plazo e incurre en distintos dilemas tanto sociales como éticos.
Controlar un objeto o un videojuego con la mente suena como algo sacado de una película de ciencia ficción. Pero los dispositivos que traducen las ondas cerebrales en comandos que controlan una computadora ya son una realidad.
La tecnología controlada por la mente utiliza una interfaz cerebro-computadora para establecer una vía de comunicación entre el cerebro del usuario y un dispositivo externo. Tiene el potencial de aumentar o incluso reparar la audición, la vista o el movimiento dañados de los pacientes. Los sensores del EEG (electroencefalograma), que se han incorporado a los sistemas de juego, permiten al jugador controlar lo que sucede en la pantalla con un auricular. Los exoesqueletos controlados por EEG traducen las señales cerebrales de los usuarios en movimientos. Los electrodos implantados permiten a los pacientes controlar las extremidades biónicas.
La actividad eléctrica del cerebro y la primera tecnología de control mental
La tecnología de control mental en la que los investigadores están trabajando al día de hoy, tuvo su inicio en la década de 1920. En aquel entonces, se descubrió la actividad eléctrica del cerebro humano y se desarrolló la electroencefalografía (EEG). Esto es la práctica de registrar la actividad eléctrica a lo largo del cuero cabelludo. Los investigadores descubrieron que las neuronas transmiten información a través de picos eléctricos. Estos se pueden registrar con un alambre de metal delgado o un electrodo.
Hace 30 años, los fisiólogos comenzaron a analizar el movimiento neuronal en animales. Descubrieron que la corteza motora se ilumina con señales eléctricas cuando un animal se mueve. Y una sola neurona tiende a dispararse más rápido en relación con ciertos movimientos. Si se registran señales de suficientes neuronas, se puede tener una idea aproximada del movimiento que una persona está haciendo. Pero sobre todo del tipo de intención para realizarlo.
Los investigadores desarrollaron algoritmos para reconstruir los movimientos de las neuronas de la corteza motora. En la década de 1980, los cientificos encontraron una relación entre la respuesta eléctrica de neuronas individuales y la dirección en la que se movían los brazos. A mediados de la década de 1990, ya se había podido capturar señales complejas de la corteza motora grabadas de grupos de neuronas y se hizo uso de ellas para controlar dispositivos electrónicos, construyendo por primera vez interfaces cerebro-computadora que permiten lo que llamaríamos tecnología controlada por la mente.
Los avances y barreras actuales de la tecnología
El electroencefalograma se ha convertido en una forma prometedora para que los pacientes paralíticos controlen dispositivos como computadoras o sillas de ruedas al activar comandos con tareas mentales específicas. Pero un estudio de MIT de Estados Unicdos informó en 2010 de que el EEG tiene una precisión limitada y puede detectar solo un número determinado de comandos.
Mantener los ejercicios mentales mientras se intenta maniobrar una silla de ruedas en un entorno lleno de bullicio y ruido puede ser muy agotador. La concentración requerida es muy alta, haciéndolo aún más dificil de interpretar para la computadora. Una de las hipótesis que se están barajando es usar el control compartido, que combina el control mental del cerebro con la inteligencia artificial. Con este tipo de enfoque, los pacientes no necesitarían instruir continuamente a una silla de ruedas para que avance. Solamente tendrían que pensar en el comando una vez, y el software se haría cargo.
La Yoga como potenciador del control mental
Es posible que perfeccionar las interfaces cerebro-computadora implique mejorar no solo la tecnología, sino también los cerebros de las personas que la utilizan. En 2015, un estudio realizado por investigadores de la Universidad de Minnesota descubrió que las personas que practican yoga y meditación pueden aprender a controlar una computadora con la mente de manera más rápida y eficiente a largo plazo. El estudio involucró a 36 participantes, 24 que tenían poca o ninguna experiencia y 12 que tenían al menos un año de práctica.
Ambos grupos realizaron tres experimentos de dos horas en los que usaron una especie de gorra de alta tecnología, no invasiva, que captaba la actividad cerebral. Se les pidió que movieran el cursor de una computadora por una pantalla, imaginando el movimiento de la mano. Los estudios demostraron que los expertos en yoga o meditación tenían el doble de probabilidades de completar la tarea de interfaz cerebro-computadora y aprendieron tres veces más rápido.
Sin embargo, descubrieron que no todo el mundo puede aprender a controlar una computadora con el cerebro tan fácilmente, y muchos no tuvieron éxito incluso después de varios intentos.
Se necesita mucha más investigación, pero conforme avanza la ciencia, los sistemas son potencialmente más precisos y menos invasivos. El rápido progreso en estos desarrollos debería traer nuevas soluciones vanguardistas a nuestras manos en poco tiempo. Solo tenemos que asegurarnos de que, al igual que otras tecnologías emergentes, se utilicen para mejorar nuestras vidas y no para causar el efecto contrario.
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