A partir del año 800 d.C. hasta el siglo XI, un gran número de escandinavos abandonaron sus países de origen para buscar fortuna en otros lugares. Estos guerreros, conocidos como vikingos o nórdicos, comenzaron con ataques dirigidos a sitios costeros, especialmente monasterios indefensos, en las Islas Británicas.
Durante los siguientes tres siglos, dejarían un legado como piratas, invasores, comerciantes y colonos en gran parte de Gran Bretaña y el continente europeo, así como en partes de la actual Rusia, Islandia, Groenlandia y Terranova.
El origen de los vikingos
La mayoría de los vikingos provienen de las áreas ahora conocidas como Dinamarca, Noruega y Suecia. Aunque también existen menciones en los registros históricos de vikingos finlandeses y estonios. Su carácteristica común, y la que los diferenciaba de los pueblos europeos, era que hablaban un idioma desonocido, eran muy agresivos, no eran civilizados y, lo más importante, no eran cristianos.
Las razones exactas por las que los vikingos se atrevieron a salir de su tierra natal son inciertas. Algunos han sugerido que fue debido a la sobrepoblación, pero ciertamente los primeros vikingos buscaban aventuras y riquezas, no tierras.
En el siglo VIII d.C. Europa se estaba haciendo más rica e impulsaba el crecimiento de sus centros comerciales como York o Londres en Inglaterra. Las pieles escandinavas eran muy apreciadas en los nuevos mercados. De su comercio con los europeos, los escandinavos aprendieron sobre navegación, la creciente riqueza y los conflictos internos entre reinos. Mismo conocimiento que usarían a su favor para poder obtener ventajas en sus ataques y conquistas.
La primer Incursión vikinga
En el año 793 d.C., un ataque contra el monasterio de Lindisfarne frente a la costa de Northumbria, Inglaterra, marcó el comienzo de la era vikinga. Los culpables, probablemente noruegos que navegaron directamente a través del Mar del Norte, no destruyeron el monasterio por completo. Pero el ataque sacudió al mundo religioso europeo en su punto más vulnerable. A diferencia de otros grupos, estos nuevos invasores no tenían respeto alguno por las instituciones religiosas, que a menudo se dejaban sin vigilancia cerca de la costa.
Durante varias décadas, los vikingos se limitaron a atacar objetivos costeros en las Islas Británicas y Europa. Luego aprovecharon los conflictos internos europeos para extender sus conquistas hacia el interior. Después de la muerte de Luis el Piadoso, emperador de Frankia, actual Francia y Alemania, en el año 840 d.C., su hijo Lothar invitó a una flota vikinga para apoyarle en una lucha de poder contra sus hermanos.
En poco tiempo, otros vikingos se dieron cuenta de que los gobernantes estaban dispuestos a pagarles para evitar que atacaran a sus súbditos. Fue así cómo vieron en Frankia un objetivo irresistible para incrementar su actividad y sus riquezas.
Las conquistas en las islas británicas
A mediados del siglo IX, Irlanda, Escocia e Inglaterra se habían convertido en objetivos importantes para el asentamiento vikingo y nuevas incursiones. Los vikingos obtuvieron el control de las Islas del Norte de Escocia y gran parte de la Escocia continental. Fundaron las primeras ciudades comerciales de Irlanda y utilizaron su base en la costa irlandesa para lanzar ataques a Inglaterra. Cuando el Rey Carlos Calvo de Frankia comenzó a defender con más ahínco el país en el año 862 d.C., las fuerzas vikingas se enfocaron más en Inglaterra.
En una ola de ataques vikingos a Inglaterra después del año 851 d.C., solo un reino, Wessex, pudo resistir con éxito. Los ejércitos vikingos conquistaron y desmantelaron los otros tres, East Anglia, Northumbria y Mercia.
En el año 871 d.C., el Rey Alfredo el Grande de Wessex fue el único capaz de derrotar a un ejército danés en Inglaterra. Al ver que no podrían conquistar este territorio, los daneses se establecieron más al norte. Muchos de ellos se convirtieron en granjeros o comerciantes y establecieron York como una ciudad mercantil líder.
En la primera mitad del siglo X, los ejércitos ingleses liderados por los descendientes del Rey Alfredo de Wessex comenzaron a reconquistar poco a poco las áreas escandinavas de Inglaterra. El último rey escandinavo, Erik Bloodaxe, fue expulsado y asesinado alrededor del año 952 d.C., uniendo por primera vez a los cuatro reinos ingleses bajo uno solo.
El fin de la era de los vikingos
A partir del año 991 d.C. los nórdicos intentaron reconquistar parte del territorio Inglés que antiguamente les pertenecía, sin éxito alguno. Fue finalmente hasta el año 1066 d.C. que se marcó en Inglaterra la consumación de la era vikinga, los últimos nórdicos fueron expulsados del territorio.
En ese momento, todos los reinos escandinavos estaban siendo influenciados y absorbidos por nuevas creencias cristianas. Lo que quedaba de la cultura vikinga fue desapareciendo paulatinamente hasta quedar en el olvido.
Hoy en día, los signos del legado vikingo se pueden encontrar principalmente en los orígenes escandinavos de algunas palabras, lugares o costumbres en las áreas donde que estaban asentados, incluido el norte de Inglaterra, Escocia y Rusia. Los vikingos lograron dejar una extensa herencia literaria en las sagas islandesas, en las que describían las mayores victorias de su glorioso pasado.
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