Conocemos las fobias como trastornos de ansiedad caracterizados por un miedo irracional intenso y desproporcionado ante alguna situación concreta. En algunos casos, la sensación va más allá del miedo, inclinándose directamente hacia el odio o el rechazo absoluto a dicha situación. Una condición desagradable que puede condicionar en muchos sentidos el estilo de vida y la salud de las personas.
Yéndonos a la etimología, la palabra «fobia» deriva del término en griego antiguo «Fobos», que significa «pánico» y hace alusión al hijo entre Ares y Afrodita en la mitología griega, representando la personificación del miedo.
Como trastorno, puede afectar en aspectos emocionales y sociales a quien lo padece, desencadenando ataques extremos de pánico en determinadas circunstancias que provoquen problemas más graves.
Las fobias más aterradoras
Por lo general, las personas que experimentan alguna fobia suelen encontrarse muy vulnerables e indefensos cuando se enfrentan a ella. Pese a que en todos los casos se trata de un miedo irracional y, a veces, injustificado, desde el punto de vista del paciente es algo muy vívido y real, llegando a crear crisis nerviosas y de ansiedad peligrosas.
Una de las fobias más aterradoras es la bogifobia, el miedo persistente a los fenómenos sobrenaturales y las leyendas urbanas. Al tratarse de un aspecto hasta cierto punto subjetivo y ligado a la sugestión, esta fobia es bastante difícil de controlar. Sobre todo si va ligada a la nictofobia o la ligofobia, terror y aversión absoluta por la oscuridad y la noche.
Como uno de los clichés de las películas de terror, los espejos son protagonistas de un sinfín de historias paranormales y eventos místicos tenebrosos. La eisoptrofobia es el miedo a verse reflejado en un espejo o cualquier superficie reflectante, una fobia que se ha visto en aumento por este recurso del cine y que incluso puede ser síntoma de algún problema psíquico.
Los asuntos religiosos también juegan un papel importante en el mundo de las fobias. La hexakosioihexekontahexafobia, o en su forma abreviada, trihexafobia, es el miedo irracional al número 666 y cualquier elemento que esté relacionado a él. Un caso similar a la triscaidecafobia, el miedo al número 13. En ambos casos, el temor está enormemente condicionado y alimentado por la cultura popular, por lo que se trata de fobias más recientes y superficiales.
Cuando el miedo se lleva al extremo, puede llegar a complicar definitivamente la vida de una persona. La pantofobia es el terror a todo, de forma literal. Cualquier situación, pensamiento, objeto, interacción social, ambiente y contexto…, cualquier momento desencadena una sensación de indefensión y peligro, miedo absoluto.
Las más extrañas y absurdas
El desarrollo socioeconómico y la cultura popular, como mencionábamos antes, juegan un papel bastante importante en la aparición de nuevas fobias. Nuestro cerebro y nuestras percepciones están cada vez más sujetas a los elementos que nos rodean, incluyendo estas percepciones negativas. Por ello llegan a surgir fobias extrañas y absurdas que para muchos pueden sonar hilarantes, aunque no dejan de ser desagradables para quienes las sufren.
La falacrofobia o peladofobia es el miedo a quedarse calvo o incluso a las personas calvas. La cacofobia es el temor a la gente fea, en general. La taasofobia es el miedo a sentarse, esperar sentado o la sensación de perder el tiempo estando sentado. La ablutofobia es el miedo a ducharse o bañarse. La leucofobia es el terror al color blanco, a la misma palabra «blanco» y todo lo que se relaciona con ella.
Y una de las fobias más raras y a la vez complejas es la fobofobia, el miedo a tener miedo. Este caso concreto resulta ser una paradoja, ya que al experimentar la misma fobia se está desencadenando la causa de la misma. Una situación realmente difícil de soportar y contener al provocar un círculo vicioso que se alimenta a sí mismo en la mente del paciente.
Las fobias más comunes
De entre todas las fobias, hay varias que concretamente sufre un gran porcentaje de la población mundial. Aunque muchas veces influyan aspectos de la cultura y el entorno, las fobias sociales, por ejemplo, son muy comunes, como hablar en público, hacer exposiciones, el miedo escénico, etc.
La más habitual de todas es la aerofobia, la ansiedad y el miedo a volar, que incluso se llega a experimentar meses antes de subirse al avión. La acrofobia está estrechamente relacionada, el miedo a las alturas. La siguiente en la lista pudiera ser la claustrofobia, el terror a los espacios cerrados como ascensores, túneles o habitaciones pequeñas. La agorafobia se encuentra en el polo opuesto, el miedo a los espacios abiertos y lugares donde no se pueda recibir ayuda.
Otra bastante común es la enoclofobia, el miedo persistente a las multitudes o las zoofobias con sus múltiples variantes. Desde la apifobia, miedo a las abejas, a la aracnofobia, miedo a las arañas. Los casos de zoofobia pueden llegar a ser extremos como el miedo a los animales domésticos inofensivos, como el perro, cainofobia, o el gato, ailurofobia.
En cuanto a asuntos médicos y de salud, lo más común es la dentofobia, el miedo a las consultas odontológicas, o la hematofobia, el miedo a la sangre, las heridas o las inyecciones.
En definitiva, las fobias pueden llegar a ser algo irrisorio para mucha gente, cómico en algunos casos. Pero en otros llegan a condicionar enormemente la vida de algunas personas, cambiando sus rutinas, sus conductas y aislándolas de la sociedad. Como tal, forman parte del componente irracional y subconsciente de nuestra mente, ese lado que no podemos controlar pero que sí puede controlarnos a nosotros.
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