La lobotomía es, probablemente, el procedimiento quirúrgico que mejor ilustra las antiguas y negligentes prácticas de la medicina, motivadas por el desconocimiento de una etapa prematura de esta ciencia. Siendo el arquetipo de las intervenciones más espeluznantes en quirófano, lo cierto es que tuvo una época de auge bastante prominente entre los cirujanos, especialmente durante principios y mediados del siglo XX.
En su momento, se consideraba un tratamiento eficaz contra enfermedades mentales como la depresión, la esquizofrenia o el trastorno bipolar. Se aplicó incluso para paliar dolores crónicos. Como tal, consistía en generar un daño permanente en determinadas partes del cerebro. En respuesta a un convencimiento general de que el deterioro de conexiones neurológicas que supuestamente funcionaban mal podía reparar el comportamiento errático de un paciente.
La primera vez que se experimentó con la lobotomía
A finales del siglo XIX, en la década de 1880, un médico suizo llamado Gottlieb Burkhardt extrajo algunas partes de la corteza cerebral en pacientes de un manicomio con alucinaciones auditivas y otros padecimientos mentales. Este procedimiento está considerado como la primera operación psicoquirúrgica moderna. Y en la época, constituyó la primera evidencia de que la práctica podía restablecer la salud mental de los pacientes.
Sin embargo, la primera lobotomía se realizó oficialmente en 1935 a manos de los neurólogos portugueses Antonio Egas Moniz y Almeida Lima, a un paciente con síntomas de ansiedad y paranoia severa.

Fuente de la imagen: Psiquiatraca
Esta primera intervención consistió en la inyección de alcohol etílico puro en las conexiones cerebrales de la corteza prefrontal con el objetivo de destruirlos. Para ello, realizaron varios agujeros en el cráneo del paciente. Lo que implicaba demasiadas dificultades y conllevaba un peligro evidente de lesión en otras partes sanas del cerebro. Para reducir este riesgo, Moniz utilizó un leucotoma, un instrumento quirúrgico con el que pudieron eliminar núcleos de materia blanca del tejido cerebral mediante un alambre de metal extendido.
La operación se consideró un éxito, reduciendo los síntomas del paciente y llevando a Moniz a recibir el Premio Nobel de Medicina en 1949.
Durante estas décadas, la lobotomía siguió practicándose habitualmente incluso en intervenciones públicas. Algunos médicos desarrollaron sus propias técnicas de extracción de materia cerebral y muchos llegaron a considerarse verdaderos expertos y entusiastas de la práctica. Como los profesores neurocirujanos William Beecher Scoville, de la Universidad de Yale, o Walter Freeman, de la Universidad George Washington.
La erradicación definitiva de la práctica en la medicina
La lobotomía continuó vigente hasta finales del siglo XX. Según la revista Wired, era un tratamiento aceptado hasta la década de 1980 en Europa y Estados Unidos.
En esas últimas décadas se fue erradicando de forma gradual en varios países. Hasta que se prohibió finalmente gracias al desarrollo de los primeros fármacos antipsicóticos.
Durante su época de esplendor, la lobotomía se vendía como un excelente tratamiento milagroso, que podía curar cualquier padecimiento mental. Fue la química quien convirtió la práctica en algo obsoleto, valorándose solamente en casos en los que todas las otras opciones han fallado.
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