En la mañana del 30 de junio de 1908 se registró un acontecimiento sin precedentes en la historia del hombre. Una gran explosión arrasó violentamente un área de 2,150 km2 de bosque en las inmediaciones del río Podkamennaya Tunguska, en el actual Krai de Krasnoyarsk, Rusia. El estruendo aplastó ipso facto un aproximado de 80 millones de árboles y se calcula que tuvo un impacto similar a la fuerza de 300 bombas atómicas. Pero todo sucedió sin dejar rastro ni evidencia de qué pudo haber causado tal fenómeno. Un misterio lleno de incógnitas que despertó todo tipo de especulaciones y teorías.
Los acontecimientos de 1908 en el evento de Tunguska
Según los registros, todo sucedió en torno a las seis de la mañana del 30 de junio. Una bola de fuego gigante cruzó el cielo sobre Siberia central y colisionó, al parecer, con una enorme zona boscosa que, por suerte, prácticamente no estaba poblada.
La explosión, el calor abrasador y el fuego destruyeron más de 2 mil km cuadrados de área, derribando más de 80 millones de árboles que habitaban la zona y alcanzando incluso a personas que se encontraban a más de 65 km de distancia. Según análisis de la NASA, el fenómeno desencadenó varias ondas expansivas percibidas por barómetros en Europa. Sin embargo, las limitaciones de la época sumadas a las características inhóspitas del paisaje y la falta de núcleos de población cercanos dificultaron la exploración del lugar durante más de diez años.
La primera vez que se accedió al escenario de los hechos fue en 1927. El científico del Museo de Mineralogía de San Petesburgo Leonid Kulik se adentró en el bosque devastado para observar los restos del evento. La primera hipótesis que se barajó en su momento fue la caída de un meteorito. Pero cuando Kulik realizó un barrido visual de la zona afectada, no encontró ningún cráter ni señal de impacto y tampoco restos de aerolitos. En cambio, divisó un área de 4 km de árboles en pie calcinados, sin ramas ni corteza, y varias hectáreas a su alrededor de otros árboles derribados, completamente destruidos.

Fuente de la imagen: ABC
La hipótesis del meteorito que explotó antes de impactar en tierra
De acuerdo a los eventos registrados en la historia, el último impacto catastrófico de un asteroide en la Tierra fue hace 65 millones de años. ¿Qué posibilidades hay de que lo que sucedió en 1908 hubiera sido algo similar? Salvando las distancias y teniendo en cuenta las evidentes diferencias de magnitud y gravedad del evento, la caída de un meteorito en Tunguska siempre fue la explicación más aceptada incluso para la NASA.
De hecho, se considera este fenómeno como el único registro de este tipo en la era moderna. Pero la falta de cráter y otros signos de evidencia ponen en duda esta teoría.
La primera interpretación del misterio jugaba con la hipótesis de una roca de unos 37 metros de ancho que se adentró en la atmósfera terrestre a 53,000 km/h. Velocidad suficiente para alcanzar temperaturas superiores a los 20,000ºC. Con estos números, podría ser posible que el meteoro explotase antes de tocar tierra, a 8 km de la superficie, generando una onda expansiva capaz de destruir el paisaje de Tunguska tal y como sucedió.
Sin embargo, estudios más recientes publicados en la Royal Astronomical Society complementaron esta teoría y dieron respuesta a todas las incógnitas. Aseguran que la roca estaba formada por hierro y que tenía, en realidad, 200 metros de ancho. Que pasó rozando la Tierra a solo 10 km de distancia y que no explotó al contacto con la atmósfera, sino que siguió su curso en órbita, dejando a su paso una onda de choque de gran magnitud que provocó el desastre registrado en los bosques de Rusia.
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