En 1836, el fabricante de armas de Connecticut Samuel Colt recibió la patente estadounidense para un mecanismo de revólver que permitía disparar una pistola varias veces sin recargar. Colt fundó una empresa para fabricar su arma de cilindro giratorio, sin embargo, las ventas fueron lentas y el negocio fracasó. En 1846, durante la guerra de Estados Unidos contra México, el gobierno norteamericano ordenó la fabricación de 1,000 revólveres Colt y, a partir de ahí, la historia del mundo cambió para siempre.
En 1855, Colt abrió la que fue la fábrica de armamento privada más grande del mundo, en la que empleó técnicas de fabricación avanzadas como piezas intercambiables y una línea de producción organizada. Un año más tarde, la empresa ya podía producir un volumen de 150 armas por día.
Colt también fue un promotor bastante eficaz y al comienzo de la Guerra Civil de los Estados Unidos en 1861, había convertido su revólver en el arma de fuego más conocida en todo el planeta. Murió como un hombre rico en 1862 y la empresa que fundó sigue funcionando hasta el día de hoy.

Las patentes del revólver giratorio y las primeras producciones de Colt
Algunos consideran que el mecanismo del revólver de Colt era más una innovación que una invención. Mejoró un mecanismo de chispa giratorio utilizado en mosquetes y rifles, patentado por el inventor de Boston, Elisha Collier a finales del siglo XVIII.
Colt adquirió la patente británica en octubre de 1835 y la estadounidense No. 138 el 25 de febrero de 1836, por su pistola de cilindro giratorio. Las mejoras de su propuesta incluyen una mayor facilidad de carga, cambios en el peso y ubicación del cilindro, que dan firmeza a la mano, y la gran rapidez en la sucesión de descargas.
Patent Arms Manufacturing, la primera empresa fundada por Colt en este negocio, comenzó a fabricar el arma Paterson en 1836 en su fábrica de Paterson, Nueva Jersey, utilizando fondos adelantados por su propia familia.
Inicialmente, produjo tres pistolas giratorias, cinturón, pistolera, pistolas de bolsillo y dos rifles. Todos los modelos incorporaron un cilindro giratorio en el que se cargaba pólvora y balas. La capacidad de disparar seis veces sin recargar proporcionó una ventaja crucial a los soldados y colonos en peligro de las regiones fronterizas de la nación. Esta tarea requería 20 segundos en un arma de fuego de un solo disparo.
Colt continuó refinando su diseño inicial, obteniendo patentes sobre otros componentes, como un mecanismo de bloqueo de cilindro, cilindros con diferentes funciones y capacidades, empuñaduras más largas y bocas de cilindro biseladas para eliminar la ignición de las cámaras adyacentes. El hombre de negocios conservó inteligentemente los derechos sobre estas patentes. Hizo sus solicitudes como persona física en lugar de hacerlo a través de la empresa.

El fracaso empresarial de Samuel Colt
Colt visitó la oficina del secretario de guerra de Estados Unidos en busca de un contrato con el gobierno. Pero el ejército consideró que el uso de un casquillo de percusión en las armas de fuego era demasiado innovador y poco confiable. Las ventas dispersas en la recién formada República de Texas y en Florida, no se capitalizaron lo suficiente para mantener la apariencia de éxito que Colt necesitaba y así impresionar a los clientes potenciales.
Finalmente, los accionistas de Patent Arms Manufacturing tomaron el control y Colt fue relegado a ser un mero agente de ventas. En 1842, la empresa se vio obligada a cerrar y todo el inventario de armas, piezas y accesorios se subastaron al mejor postor.
Ocupado con otros nuevos proyectos y desanimado por el fracaso de la compañía, Colt se vio envuelto en un escándalo nacional después de que su hermano, John Colt, asesinara a un impresor con quien hacía otros negocios.

El expansionismo estadounidense y la necesidad de más armas
La elección en 1844 del presidente James K. Polk trajo consigo la implementación de planes de expansión hacia el exterior, en Texas y los territorios occidentales. Al ver una nueva oportunidad, Colt envió una muestra de su pistola al departamento de guerra del gobierno americano. En 1846, en plena guerra contra México, Colt recibió la visita del Capitán Samuel H. Walker de los Fusileros Montados de Estados Unidos. Tras colaborar en el diseño de un arma nueva y mejorada, el general Zachary Taylor ordenó 1,000 revólveres. Las armas fueron entregadas al ejército en 1847.
Las armas de Colt ahora se producían en una fábrica de Hartford, dirigida por el supervisor mecánico Elisha K. Root. Bajo su dirección, Colt Patent Fire-Arms Manufacturing Company, segunda empresa del inventor, contrató talentosos mecánicos e ingenieros que continuaron las innovaciones que Colt había comenzado.
A principios de los 1850, se estableció una sucursal en Inglaterra. En 1855 se construyó una nueva fábrica de Hartford, la planta de fabricación de armamento privada más grande del mundo, con vista al río Connecticut. En 1856, la empresa podía producir 150 armas por día utilizando piezas intercambiables, líneas de producción eficientes y maquinaria de precisión especialmente diseñada.
La marca Colt ya era reconocida en todo el globo a través de una promoción estratégica y se asoció con calidad y confiabilidad. Colt posicionó sus armas de fuego dentro de los grandes mitos estadounidenses. Incluso contrató al artista George Catlin para pintar a deportistas y exploradores portando sus armas con animales depredadores exóticos. Este nuevo acercamiento mercadológico llevo su negocio hasta el cielo.
La Guerra de Secesión y más allá
A fines de la década de 1850, mientras aumentaban las tensiones entre el norte y el sur de Estados Unidos, que pronto conducirían a la Guerra de Secesión, Colt continuó haciendo negocios con antiguos clientes del sur. Sin embargo, cuando finalmente se declaró la guerra el 12 de abril de 1861, se centró exclusivamente en abastecer al ejército de la Unión.

La tensión de suplir el esfuerzo de guerra finalmente le pasó factura. Sufriendo de reumatismo crónico, Colt murió en su casa a los 47 años el 10 de enero de 1862, dejando una herencia billonaria. La empresa, que ya había fabricado más de 400,000 armas de fuego, quedó en manos de su esposa Elizabeth, y Root fue nombrado presidente.
En 1901, la familia Colt vendió la empresa a un grupo de inversores. Actualmente produce la pistola Colt Single Action Army, también conocida como Colt .45 o Peacemaker, el revólver de servicio estándar del ejército de EE.UU. Hasta la fecha, la compañía produjo más de 30 millones de pistolas, revólveres y rifles. La familia sigue siendo dueña billonaria de las patentes, que se mantienen vigentes hasta el día de hoy.
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