A pesar de la evidente violencia de los episodios de la II Guerra Mundial, los kamikazes japoneses horrorizaron a los soldados del bando aliado desde sus primeros ataques suicidas en 1944. En un contexto de conflicto armado como el que fue, en que miles de personas luchaban por salvar su vida, era desconcertante y estremecedor observar a pilotos que se sacrificaban por un objetivo mayor.
Desde entonces, la historia de la Unidad Especial japonesa sigue siendo motivo de estudio y debate. Cuestionando las motivaciones personales de un soldado frente a las órdenes de un superior o las misiones militares de un ejército.
Los conceptos de patriotismo y devoción por el emperador eran los impulsos de estos suicidas voluntarios, en su momento considerados héroes. Un grupo de jóvenes pilotos, la mayoría universitarios, que se entrenaron más en determinación y arrojo que en destreza para lograr su cometido.
El origen del término kamikaze
El término kamikaze, pese a ser una lectura errónea por los estadounidenses en su momento, significa «viento divino». Fueron los propios japoneses quienes nombraron así al tifón que los ayudó a vencer al ejército mongol de Kublai Khan, que los asediaba por la costa para invadir su territorio en el siglo XIII. Durante la II Guerra Mundial, la palabra adquirió un nuevo significado.
La pronunciación original en japonés es Shinpū, y forma parte del nombre del cuerpo de asalto que ejecutaba estas misiones, la Unidad Especial de Ataque Shinpū.
La creación de la Unidad Especial de Ataque Shinpū
Tras perder centenares de aviones y pilotos de la marina imperial durante la batalla del mar de Filipinas en el verano de 1944, el líder de la Primera Flota Aérea de Japón, Takijiro Onishi, convocó una reunión para replantear la estrategia.
Habiendo rechazado en un primer momento las tácticas suicidas, Onishi consideró que, en el punto de derrota en el que se encontraban, era la única alternativa para garantizar el éxito de las escasas fuerzas con las que contaba el país del Eje. De esta manera, propuso la formación de un equipo especial bajo el nombre Shinpū, dividido en cuatro grupos.
Desplegó una unidad de aviones cazas A6M Zero, cargados con 250 kg de explosivos cada uno, cuyo único objetivo era estrellarse contra portaaviones enemigos en las costas del Pacífico. Con el impacto, deberían destruir las naves o causarles el mayor daño posible. La primera misión se programó para el 25 de octubre y contó con 26 aviones kamikazes.
Las operaciones kamikazes de la Flota Aérea de Japón durante la II Guerra Mundial
Desde la primera misión en Filipinas en 1944 y hasta el final de la guerra un año más tarde, la Unidad Especial de Ataque Shinpū desplegó operaciones en la isla de Formosa, en Kantō, Iwo Jima y Okinawa. Estas últimas fueron más intensas debido a que el ejército aliado se estaba aproximando al archipiélago japonés.
Los ataques suicidas en Okinawa contaron con hasta 300 aviones kamikazes. Y aunque muchos de ellos eran abatidos antes incluso del impacto, otros lograron causar bastantes daños en la flota aliada.
La última misión de la Unidad Shinpū tuvo lugar el 15 de agosto de 1945, mismo día que se hizo pública la rendición incondicional de Japón que dio fin a la II Guerra Mundial. Este ataque, proferido por siete kamikazes, formó parte de un último esfuerzo por evitar la subordinación final. Evidentemente, fue en vano.
Al término del conflicto, los kamikazes habían hundido 34 buques de guerra aliados y dañado otros 368, con un total de 9,700 bajas del ejército occidental. Por su lado, los japoneses perdieron a 4,000 pilotos suicidas. Un balance más que cuestionable que provocó el mismo destino para el almirante Onishi, quien se quitó la vida el mismo día 15 mediante el ritual del harakiri.
El contexto sociocultural de Japón que facilitó el surgimiento de los kamikazes
En un momento en que la sociedad japonesa se encontraba bajo la influencia del sintoísmo estatal, la ideología predominante impuesta por el gobierno, la idiosincrasia nipona giraba en torno a la veneración absoluta de la figura del emperador. Esta idolatría ferviente, junto con un sentimiento altamente nacionalista, adoctrinó a los japoneses desde su más pronta infancia. Facilitando así la sumisión y el ofrecimiento voluntario para involucrarse finalmente en las misiones suicidas.
La propaganda política japonesa durante mitad del siglo XX complementó eficazmente este contexto cultural. Promovió la idea de que los kamikazes eran valientes héroes consagrados, difundiendo historias exageradas que engrandecían sus méritos. En este periodo, la bandera del Sol Naciente jugó un papel fundamental como símbolo de la flota naval japonesa. Antes de cada misión, se la entregaban a los pilotos en una ceremonia previa. En ellas, los kamikazes grababan inscripciones espirituales y otras plegarias, siguiendo ciertas tradiciones de los antiguos samuráis.
Los kamikazes según la sociedad japonesa actual
Con el paso del tiempo, la sociedad japonesa fue modificando sus preceptos y convicciones. Lo que hace 70 años era visto como un acto de heroísmo patriótico y nobleza, hoy se considera irracional y hasta estúpido por algunos.
Pese a que las operaciones kamikazes se utilizaron durante décadas con fines políticos y propagandísticos en el país nipón, gran parte e las opiniones acerca de esta historia están divididas.
En todo el mundo, cada vez es menos la gente que estaría dispuesta a sacrificarse por su país. Y esta afirmación se respalda con varios estudios sociológicos y encuestas. Japón es, de hecho, uno de los países con menor porcentaje de personas que lo harían. Algo que no sorprende cuando se sabe que hoy en día es uno de los más pacíficos, tanto política como socialmente.
Desde un punto de vista actual, es lógico preguntarse si verdaderamente todos los kamikazes estaban convencidos de hacer lo que hacían. Una duda razonable que no tiene respuesta, pero que ayuda a comprender las medidas desesperadas que se toman en tiempos de guerra.
5 septiembre, 2024 a las 11:24
I was suggested this web site by my cousin. I’m not sure whether this post is written by him as no one else know such detailed about my trouble. You are wonderful! Thanks!
1 septiembre, 2024 a las 01:45
Good V I should certainly pronounce, impressed with your site. I had no trouble navigating through all tabs as well as related information ended up being truly simple to do to access. I recently found what I hoped for before you know it in the least. Reasonably unusual. Is likely to appreciate it for those who add forums or something, web site theme . a tones way for your customer to communicate. Excellent task..
27 agosto, 2024 a las 12:38
Thank you very much for sharing, I learned a lot from your article. Very cool. Thanks.
26 agosto, 2024 a las 01:07
I really like your writing style, good information, thankyou for posting : D.
16 agosto, 2024 a las 04:58
I loved as much as you will receive carried out right here. The sketch is tasteful, your authored material stylish. nonetheless, you command get got an nervousness over that you wish be delivering the following. unwell unquestionably come further formerly again as exactly the same nearly a lot often inside case you shield this hike.
12 agosto, 2024 a las 15:48
I’ve been browsing on-line greater than 3 hours these days, but I by no means found any attention-grabbing article like yours. It¦s lovely value enough for me. In my opinion, if all web owners and bloggers made good content as you did, the web will likely be much more helpful than ever before.
7 agosto, 2024 a las 18:28
I needed to create you a little bit of note in order to thank you very much again with the unique strategies you’ve featured on this site. It has been certainly seriously generous with people like you to allow unhampered precisely what many people would’ve made available as an electronic book to generate some profit for themselves, most notably given that you might well have done it if you ever desired. Those tricks in addition acted to provide a easy way to recognize that someone else have the identical desire similar to my very own to learn great deal more on the topic of this matter. I think there are thousands of more pleasurable sessions ahead for many who read carefully your blog post. tonic greens reviews
2 agosto, 2024 a las 19:28
You made some decent points there. I looked on the internet for the issue and found most individuals will go along with with your blog.
29 julio, 2024 a las 13:52
whoah this blog is excellent i love reading your articles. Keep up the good work! You know, a lot of people are hunting around for this information, you can aid them greatly.
22 julio, 2024 a las 12:39
You could definitely see your skills in the paintings you write. The world hopes for even more passionate writers such as you who aren’t afraid to say how they believe. At all times follow your heart.
22 julio, 2024 a las 01:28
Do you mind if I quote a few of your posts as long as I provide credit and sources back to your site? My website is in the very same niche as yours and my visitors would definitely benefit from some of the information you present here. Please let me know if this ok with you. Regards!
14 julio, 2024 a las 05:34
Very interesting information!Perfect just what I was searching for!
11 julio, 2024 a las 21:49
Some really fantastic blog posts on this site, appreciate it for contribution.
30 junio, 2024 a las 22:49
Some times its a pain in the ass to read what website owners wrote but this site is rattling user genial! .
30 junio, 2024 a las 07:08
FitSpresso: What Is It? FitSpresso is a natural weight loss aid designed for individuals dealing with stubborn weight gain. It is made using only science-backed natural ingredients.
28 junio, 2024 a las 21:58
What Is FitSpresso? The effective weight management formula FitSpresso is designed to inherently support weight loss. It is made using a synergistic blend of ingredients chosen especially for their metabolism-boosting and fat-burning features.
24 junio, 2024 a las 05:34
Wow! This can be one particular of the most helpful blogs We have ever arrive across on this subject. Actually Great. I’m also an expert in this topic so I can understand your effort.
22 junio, 2024 a las 09:22
Wonderful work! This is the type of info that should be shared around the web. Shame on the search engines for not positioning this post higher! Come on over and visit my site . Thanks =)
21 junio, 2024 a las 01:17
You are a very capable individual!
18 junio, 2024 a las 16:43
I am really enjoying the theme/design of your website. Do you ever run into any browser compatibility issues? A handful of my blog readers have complained about my website not operating correctly in Explorer but looks great in Firefox. Do you have any advice to help fix this issue?
17 junio, 2024 a las 02:15
I’ve been absent for a while, but now I remember why I used to love this blog. Thank you, I?¦ll try and check back more frequently. How frequently you update your site?
11 junio, 2024 a las 20:52
One such software that has been generating buzz these days is the Lottery Defeater
10 junio, 2024 a las 07:14
certainly like your website but you need to check the spelling on several of your posts. A number of them are rife with spelling problems and I find it very troublesome to tell the truth nevertheless I’ll surely come back again.
7 junio, 2024 a las 18:04
We stumbled over here different page and thought I might as well check things out. I like what I see so now i am following you. Look forward to looking into your web page yet again.
7 junio, 2024 a las 12:16
I enjoy what you guys tend to be up too. This kind of clever work and reporting! Keep up the amazing works guys I’ve incorporated you guys to blogroll.
6 junio, 2024 a las 00:50
After examine just a few of the weblog posts on your web site now, and I actually like your way of blogging. I bookmarked it to my bookmark web site record and will probably be checking again soon. Pls try my website as well and let me know what you think.
5 junio, 2024 a las 02:00
Hello my friend! I wish to say that this article is awesome, great written and include approximately all important infos. I¦d like to see extra posts like this .
2 junio, 2024 a las 17:58
You really make it seem so easy together with your presentation but I find this matter to be really something that I believe I would never understand. It kind of feels too complex and extremely wide for me. I am having a look ahead for your next post, I?¦ll try to get the grasp of it!
30 mayo, 2024 a las 03:03
After all, what a great site and informative posts, I will upload inbound link – bookmark this web site? Regards, Reader.
24 mayo, 2024 a las 14:45
Hi, I think your site might be having browser compatibility issues. When I look at your website in Safari, it looks fine but when opening in Internet Explorer, it has some overlapping. I just wanted to give you a quick heads up! Other then that, fantastic blog!
24 mayo, 2024 a las 04:30
I do not even understand how I ended up here, but I thought this publish used to be great. I don’t know who you’re however definitely you’re going to a famous blogger if you happen to aren’t already 😉 Cheers!
19 mayo, 2024 a las 17:22
It’s really a nice and helpful piece of information. I am glad that you shared this useful information with us. Please keep us up to date like this. Thank you for sharing.
17 mayo, 2024 a las 19:26
Enjoyed studying this, very good stuff, thankyou.
16 mayo, 2024 a las 16:31
Lottery Defeater is an automated, plug-and-plug lottery-winning software.
15 mayo, 2024 a las 02:18
Wohh just what I was looking for, thankyou for putting up.
13 mayo, 2024 a las 14:00
Write more, thats all I have to say. Literally, it seems as though you relied on the video to make your point. You obviously know what youre talking about, why throw away your intelligence on just posting videos to your blog when you could be giving us something enlightening to read?
10 mayo, 2024 a las 10:56
Well I truly enjoyed reading it. This post offered by you is very helpful for good planning.
7 mayo, 2024 a las 11:04
It’s a shame you don’t have a donate button! I’d most certainly donate to this fantastic blog! I guess for now i’ll settle for bookmarking and adding your RSS feed to my Google account. I look forward to new updates and will talk about this blog with my Facebook group. Chat soon!
7 mayo, 2024 a las 04:26
Heya i’m for the primary time here. I came across this board and I in finding It really useful & it helped me out a lot. I’m hoping to provide one thing back and help others like you aided me.
26 abril, 2024 a las 14:16
hello!,I like your writing very much! share we communicate more about your article on AOL? I need a specialist on this area to solve my problem. Maybe that’s you! Looking forward to see you.
25 abril, 2024 a las 12:17
You have brought up a very fantastic points, thanks for the post.
24 abril, 2024 a las 22:04
Hello, Neat post. There’s an issue along with your web site in internet explorer, might check thisK IE nonetheless is the marketplace leader and a large part of other people will pass over your great writing because of this problem.
24 abril, 2024 a las 03:59
Hey, you used to write great, but the last few posts have been kinda boringK I miss your tremendous writings. Past few posts are just a little bit out of track! come on!
23 abril, 2024 a las 10:22
Hey! Do you know if they make any plugins to assist with Search Engine Optimization? I’m trying to get my blog to rank for some targeted keywords but I’m not seeing very good gains. If you know of any please share. Appreciate it!
22 abril, 2024 a las 03:55
Some truly interesting details you have written.Aided me a lot, just what I was looking for : D.
21 abril, 2024 a las 22:25
Woah! I’m really loving the template/theme of this site. It’s simple, yet effective. A lot of times it’s very difficult to get that «perfect balance» between user friendliness and visual appeal. I must say that you’ve done a excellent job with this. Additionally, the blog loads extremely quick for me on Firefox. Excellent Blog!
18 abril, 2024 a las 21:21
very good publish, i actually love this website, keep on it
15 abril, 2024 a las 14:41
I’m really loving the theme/design of your site. Do you ever run into any internet browser compatibility problems? A few of my blog visitors have complained about my blog not working correctly in Explorer but looks great in Chrome. Do you have any solutions to help fix this problem?
15 abril, 2024 a las 12:04
Definitely consider that that you said. Your favourite reason seemed to be at the net the simplest factor to be aware of. I say to you, I certainly get irked whilst folks think about concerns that they plainly don’t recognize about. You controlled to hit the nail upon the highest as neatly as outlined out the whole thing with no need side-effects , folks can take a signal. Will probably be back to get more. Thanks
1 abril, 2024 a las 23:01
You could certainly see your skills within the work you write. The world hopes for more passionate writers such as you who aren’t afraid to say how they believe. Always go after your heart.
27 febrero, 2024 a las 22:12
Precisely what I was looking for, appreciate it for putting up.
19 diciembre, 2023 a las 09:59
I’ve been surfing online greater than 3 hours as of late, but I never discovered any attention-grabbing article like yours. It is lovely value enough for me. Personally, if all web owners and bloggers made good content as you probably did, the net will probably be much more useful than ever before. «I think that maybe if women and children were in charge we would get somewhere.» by James Grover Thurber.
5 diciembre, 2023 a las 10:18
Awsome site! I am loving it!! Will be back later to read some more. I am taking your feeds also
5 septiembre, 2023 a las 14:12
When I originally commented I clicked the «Notify me when new comments are added» checkbox and now each time a comment is added I get four emails with the same comment. Is there any way you can remove people from that service? Thank you!
25 agosto, 2023 a las 06:26
Hi my family member! I wish to say that this article is amazing, great written and include approximately all important infos. I would like to peer more posts like this.
9 junio, 2023 a las 14:50
Hello there, I found your blog via Google while searching for a related topic, your site came up, it looks good. I have bookmarked it in my google bookmarks.
3 mayo, 2023 a las 21:47
I went over this site and I conceive you have a lot of great info , saved to bookmarks (:.
2 mayo, 2023 a las 19:39
Hello, i read your blog occasionally and i own a similar one and i was just wondering if you get a lot of spam remarks? If so how do you reduce it, any plugin or anything you can recommend? I get so much lately it’s driving me crazy so any help is very much appreciated.
1 mayo, 2023 a las 08:48
Great paintings! That is the type of information that are supposed to be shared around the web. Shame on the seek engines for now not positioning this publish upper! Come on over and discuss with my website . Thank you =)
25 abril, 2023 a las 02:46
Wonderful blog! I found it while browsing on Yahoo News. Do you have any suggestions on how to get listed in Yahoo News? I’ve been trying for a while but I never seem to get there! Appreciate it
1 marzo, 2023 a las 16:39
Great blog you have here but I was curious about if you knew of any user discussion forums that cover the same topics discussed in this article? I’d really love to be a part of community where I can get feedback from other experienced people that share the same interest. If you have any suggestions, please let me know. Kudos!
17 febrero, 2023 a las 11:47
Good post but I was wanting to know if you could write a litte more on this subject? I’d be very grateful if you could elaborate a little bit further. Bless you!
17 febrero, 2023 a las 10:21
I view something really special in this website.
31 enero, 2023 a las 13:47
I am not sure where you’re getting your info, but great topic. I needs to spend some time learning much more or understanding more. Thanks for excellent info I was looking for this information for my mission.
3 enero, 2023 a las 10:11
I’ve been absent for a while, but now I remember why I used to love this website. Thanks, I will try and check back more frequently. How frequently you update your web site?
29 diciembre, 2022 a las 17:02
Some genuinely fantastic work on behalf of the owner of this site, utterly great subject matter.
29 diciembre, 2022 a las 08:01
This is a topic close to my heart cheers, where are your contact details though?
27 diciembre, 2022 a las 07:30
There is noticeably a bundle to know about this. I assume you made certain nice points in features also.
25 diciembre, 2022 a las 10:24
Hi! Do you use Twitter? I’d like to follow you if that would be okay. I’m undoubtedly enjoying your blog and look forward to new posts.
24 diciembre, 2022 a las 00:20
What i do not understood is actually how you are now not really much more smartly-favored than you might be now. You’re very intelligent. You understand thus considerably in terms of this matter, made me in my opinion consider it from so many varied angles. Its like men and women aren’t fascinated unless it is something to do with Lady gaga! Your personal stuffs great. All the time deal with it up!
18 diciembre, 2022 a las 08:14
Hmm is anyone else experiencing problems with the pictures on this blog loading? I’m trying to find out if its a problem on my end or if it’s the blog. Any feed-back would be greatly appreciated.
16 diciembre, 2022 a las 10:59
Wonderful blog you have here but I was wondering if you knew of any message boards that cover the same topics talked about in this article? I’d really like to be a part of community where I can get comments from other knowledgeable people that share the same interest. If you have any recommendations, please let me know. Appreciate it!
6 diciembre, 2022 a las 06:28
Great write-up, I am normal visitor of one?¦s web site, maintain up the nice operate, and It is going to be a regular visitor for a lengthy time.