A pesar de la evidente violencia de los episodios de la II Guerra Mundial, los kamikazes japoneses horrorizaron a los soldados del bando aliado desde sus primeros ataques suicidas en 1944. En un contexto de conflicto armado como el que fue, en que miles de personas luchaban por salvar su vida, era desconcertante y estremecedor observar a pilotos que se sacrificaban por un objetivo mayor.
Desde entonces, la historia de la Unidad Especial japonesa sigue siendo motivo de estudio y debate. Cuestionando las motivaciones personales de un soldado frente a las órdenes de un superior o las misiones militares de un ejército.
Los conceptos de patriotismo y devoción por el emperador eran los impulsos de estos suicidas voluntarios, en su momento considerados héroes. Un grupo de jóvenes pilotos, la mayoría universitarios, que se entrenaron más en determinación y arrojo que en destreza para lograr su cometido.
El origen del término kamikaze
El término kamikaze, pese a ser una lectura errónea por los estadounidenses en su momento, significa «viento divino». Fueron los propios japoneses quienes nombraron así al tifón que los ayudó a vencer al ejército mongol de Kublai Khan, que los asediaba por la costa para invadir su territorio en el siglo XIII. Durante la II Guerra Mundial, la palabra adquirió un nuevo significado.
La pronunciación original en japonés es Shinpū, y forma parte del nombre del cuerpo de asalto que ejecutaba estas misiones, la Unidad Especial de Ataque Shinpū.
La creación de la Unidad Especial de Ataque Shinpū
Tras perder centenares de aviones y pilotos de la marina imperial durante la batalla del mar de Filipinas en el verano de 1944, el líder de la Primera Flota Aérea de Japón, Takijiro Onishi, convocó una reunión para replantear la estrategia.
Habiendo rechazado en un primer momento las tácticas suicidas, Onishi consideró que, en el punto de derrota en el que se encontraban, era la única alternativa para garantizar el éxito de las escasas fuerzas con las que contaba el país del Eje. De esta manera, propuso la formación de un equipo especial bajo el nombre Shinpū, dividido en cuatro grupos.
Desplegó una unidad de aviones cazas A6M Zero, cargados con 250 kg de explosivos cada uno, cuyo único objetivo era estrellarse contra portaaviones enemigos en las costas del Pacífico. Con el impacto, deberían destruir las naves o causarles el mayor daño posible. La primera misión se programó para el 25 de octubre y contó con 26 aviones kamikazes.
Las operaciones kamikazes de la Flota Aérea de Japón durante la II Guerra Mundial
Desde la primera misión en Filipinas en 1944 y hasta el final de la guerra un año más tarde, la Unidad Especial de Ataque Shinpū desplegó operaciones en la isla de Formosa, en Kantō, Iwo Jima y Okinawa. Estas últimas fueron más intensas debido a que el ejército aliado se estaba aproximando al archipiélago japonés.
Los ataques suicidas en Okinawa contaron con hasta 300 aviones kamikazes. Y aunque muchos de ellos eran abatidos antes incluso del impacto, otros lograron causar bastantes daños en la flota aliada.
La última misión de la Unidad Shinpū tuvo lugar el 15 de agosto de 1945, mismo día que se hizo pública la rendición incondicional de Japón que dio fin a la II Guerra Mundial. Este ataque, proferido por siete kamikazes, formó parte de un último esfuerzo por evitar la subordinación final. Evidentemente, fue en vano.
Al término del conflicto, los kamikazes habían hundido 34 buques de guerra aliados y dañado otros 368, con un total de 9,700 bajas del ejército occidental. Por su lado, los japoneses perdieron a 4,000 pilotos suicidas. Un balance más que cuestionable que provocó el mismo destino para el almirante Onishi, quien se quitó la vida el mismo día 15 mediante el ritual del harakiri.
El contexto sociocultural de Japón que facilitó el surgimiento de los kamikazes
En un momento en que la sociedad japonesa se encontraba bajo la influencia del sintoísmo estatal, la ideología predominante impuesta por el gobierno, la idiosincrasia nipona giraba en torno a la veneración absoluta de la figura del emperador. Esta idolatría ferviente, junto con un sentimiento altamente nacionalista, adoctrinó a los japoneses desde su más pronta infancia. Facilitando así la sumisión y el ofrecimiento voluntario para involucrarse finalmente en las misiones suicidas.
La propaganda política japonesa durante mitad del siglo XX complementó eficazmente este contexto cultural. Promovió la idea de que los kamikazes eran valientes héroes consagrados, difundiendo historias exageradas que engrandecían sus méritos. En este periodo, la bandera del Sol Naciente jugó un papel fundamental como símbolo de la flota naval japonesa. Antes de cada misión, se la entregaban a los pilotos en una ceremonia previa. En ellas, los kamikazes grababan inscripciones espirituales y otras plegarias, siguiendo ciertas tradiciones de los antiguos samuráis.
Los kamikazes según la sociedad japonesa actual
Con el paso del tiempo, la sociedad japonesa fue modificando sus preceptos y convicciones. Lo que hace 70 años era visto como un acto de heroísmo patriótico y nobleza, hoy se considera irracional y hasta estúpido por algunos.
Pese a que las operaciones kamikazes se utilizaron durante décadas con fines políticos y propagandísticos en el país nipón, gran parte e las opiniones acerca de esta historia están divididas.
En todo el mundo, cada vez es menos la gente que estaría dispuesta a sacrificarse por su país. Y esta afirmación se respalda con varios estudios sociológicos y encuestas. Japón es, de hecho, uno de los países con menor porcentaje de personas que lo harían. Algo que no sorprende cuando se sabe que hoy en día es uno de los más pacíficos, tanto política como socialmente.
Desde un punto de vista actual, es lógico preguntarse si verdaderamente todos los kamikazes estaban convencidos de hacer lo que hacían. Una duda razonable que no tiene respuesta, pero que ayuda a comprender las medidas desesperadas que se toman en tiempos de guerra.
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