Aunque la historia reciente de las relaciones políticas y económicas entre México y Estados Unidos pasó por la propuesta de la construcción de un muro fronterizo por parte del ex presidente Trump, muchos de los estados del sur del país norteamericano formaban parte de la República Mexicana hasta 1848. La firma del Tratado de Guadalupe Hidalgo el 2 de febrero de ese año estableció la cesión de California, Nevada, Utah, Nuevo México, Texas, Colorado, Arizona y parte de Wyoming, Kansas y Oklahoma. Lo que significó la pérdida de la mitad del territorio mexicano a cambio de 15 millones de dólares.
El desgaste de México tras la independencia de España
La primera Constitución Federal de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos se firmó en 1824 tras 11 años de guerra por la independencia, que comenzó en 1810 y terminó en 1821. Como consecuencia del conflicto, México se encontraba gravemente desgastado, por lo que decidió revisar sus políticas de inmigración con el objetivo de recuperar y mejorar su economía.
Accedió entonces a vender grandes cantidades de terrenos a precio bajo, a crédito y con exención de impuestos y de aduanas durante cinco años a cualquier extranjero que quisiera la ciudadanía, siempre y cuando acatase las leyes mexicanas. Esta apertura, junto con las pretensiones expansionistas de Estados Unidos, fueron el comienzo de uno de los capítulos más oscuros de la historia de México.
La industria mexicana y la explotación de recursos se habían detenido, la hacienda pública estaba quebrada y la política se había sumido en conflictos internos y luchas de poder que derivaron en el miedo y la confusión del pueblo. Mientras tanto, Estados Unidos estaba en crecimiento económico y territorial, habiendo adquirido Louisiana de Francia y las Floridas de España.
Ante la oferta desesperada de México, un gran número de extranjeros, especialmente estadounidenses, compraron tierras en Texas y se convirtieron automáticamente en ciudadanos legales. La proporción entre estadounidenses y mexicanos en el estado se creía de de ocho a uno.
La población de Texas comenzó a fantasear con su propia independencia, llegando en algún punto a diseñar una bandera. De forma paralela, empezó a revelarse contra el gobierno dictatorial de Antonio López de Santa Anna, quien ostentaba la presidencia de la República Mexicana.
Fuente de la imagen: Gobierno de México
La invasión de Estados Unidos
En febrero de 1845, el Congreso de los Estados Unidos votó por la anexión de Texas. Una intención expresa en el tratado de compraventa de Louisiana, respaldada además por los estadounidenses afincados en territorio mexicano. Un año después, el presidente James Knox Polk autorizó el despliegue de tropas hacia el río Bravo. Desatando varios enfrentamientos y la declaración de guerra en marzo de 1846.
Estados Unidos invadió México por varios frentes. Bloqueó puertos del Golfo de México y del Pacífico y exigió los estados de Nuevo México y Alta California a cambio de retirar sus pelotones. México no accedió y Estados Unidos avanzó hacia el sur del país hasta llegar a la Ciudad de México.
Se sucedieron varias batallas a lo largo de todo el territorio en las que la superioridad estadounidense fue incuestionable. Aunque México luchó con gran resistencia, contaba con muchas limitaciones para hacer frente a los ejércitos norteamericanos.
Finalmente y después de la renuncia de Santa Anna, el presidente de la Suprema Corte de Justicia Manuel de la Peña asumió el poder ejecutivo y renegoció la paz con Estados Unidos.
La firma del Tratado de Guadalupe Hidalgo
Después de largas conversaciones y negociaciones, el 2 de febrero de 1848 se firmó el Tratado de Guadalupe Hidalgo. Nombre de la villa donde sucedió el acuerdo, muy cerca de la Ciudad de México.
Fuente de la imagen: El Universal
El acuerdo de 24 artículos estableció la transferencia de California, Nevada, Utah, Nuevo México, Texas, Colorado, Arizona y parte de Wyoming, Kansas y Oklahoma. A cambio de 15 millones de dólares en concepto de compensación por los daños ocasionados por la guerra. Determinó el río Bravo como línea fronteriza entre Texas y México. Y formalizó la protección de derechos civiles y de propiedad a los mexicanos en territorio ya estadounidense.
No obstante, antes de ratificar el tratado el 30 de mayo del mismo año, Estados Unidos invalidó esto último. Suprimió el artículo que permitía a los mexicanos conservar las concesiones de tierras de su gobierno, dejando en manos del Congreso el otorgamiento o la denegación de la ciudadanía.
Tras perder la mitad de su territorio, este tratado significó para México uno de los momentos más oscuros de su historia. Pudiendo conservar solamente Baja California como el único éxito de toda esta contienda.
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