Los lentes, las gafas, los anteojos o como quieran llamarle son un elemento necesario, habitual y más que normalizado en nuestra sociedad de hoy en día. Prácticamente todo el mundo usa gafas ya sea para ver de lejos, de cerca, para tener mejor enfoque, para la vista cansada o incluso por ir a la moda.
La costumbre que terminamos adquiriendo a este tipo de inventos que nos facilitaron la vida, muchas veces nos hacen perder la perspectiva de lo importantes que son. En algunas ocasiones son las películas o series de futuros distópicos y apocalípticos las que nos hacen reflexionar acerca de esto. Cuando algún suceso catastrófico nos obliga a perder complementos de los que hoy dependemos para casi todo. Incluso nos hacen evaluar los pasos evolutivos que tendríamos que dar de nuevo para satisfacer algunas necesidades básicas.
El origen y evolución de las gafas
Las gafas ya forman parte de nuestra indumentaria, aunque tuvieron su época menos popular, hoy en día son un elemento más de nuestro aspecto físico. Pero aunque mucha gente también las usa sin graduación, solo como complemento estético, su función sigue siendo siendo la misma: mejorar la vista. ¿Y quién fue el primero en pensar en las gafas?
La referencia histórica más antigua a la mejora visual está en los jeroglíficos egipcios del siglo V a.C. Muchos pensarán que es un invento del Renacimiento u otras etapas más contemporáneas, pero no es así. La civilización egipcia fue la primera en representar lentes de vidrio en sus grabados y pinturas sobre piedra.
Después de éste, el primer registro escrito en el que se describe una solución para contrarrestar los defectos de visión data del siglo I d.C., nada más que en palabras de Séneca. El filósofo romano tuvo un importante papel político como senador durante los imperios de Tiberio, Calígula, Claudio y Nerón, y fue tutelando a este último cuando escribió «letras, sin embargo pequeñas y borrosas, son vistas más amplia y claramente a través de un globo o vaso lleno de agua«.
Efectivamente, Séneca describió las gafas de aumento.
Avanzamos al siglo XI. En este punto ya estamos hablando de algo más sofisticado, más tecnológico. El uso de la lente convexa para generar imágenes más amplias es mencionado en un libro de óptica de Alhacén. Un matemático, físico y astrónomo árabe, conocido como el creador del método científico, que sentó las bases de la rama de la física que hoy conocemos como óptica.
Este libro, traducido posteriormente al latín en el siglo XII en occidente, fue el antecedente técnico de las gafas tal y como son ahora.
Las primeras gafas de fábrica
Las primeras producciones de gafas tuvieron lugar en Italia durante el siglo XIII. Después de que los monjes franciscanos hubieran construido algunos lentes para facilitar sus labores, las fábricas de cristal de Murano, en Italia, eran las únicas capaces de producir vidrio maleable para ajustar la lente a las necesidades de visión. Y a partir de ahí, lo demás es historia.
Gutemberg inventó la imprenta en el siglo XV. La primera revolución industrial nos trajo la lectura y la demanda de gafas aumentó considerablemente.
Según algunos artículos, el siguiente hito importante en la historia del origen de las gafas está protagonizado por el que fue presidente de los Estados Unidos, Benjamin Franklin, quien inventó los lentes bifocales que permiten ver de cerca y de lejos.
Las gafas de sol
De forma casi paralela, las gafas de sol se inventaron en el siglo XII en China a partir de cristales de cuarzo ahumado. Otro elemento sin el que no podríamos vivir hoy en día.
El deterioro de la vista humana y las nuevas propuestas tecnológicas
El uso cada vez más habitual de pantallas de distintos tamaños está provocando el deterioro de la vista humana. Con esto, lo que antes era la solución médica de algunos pocos, hoy es una necesidad global y generalizada. Y esto ha llevado a desarrollar múltiples ideas que van mucho más allá de simplemente mejorar la visión.
El uso de lentillas fue ganándole terreno a las gafas, aunque los armazones sean ya un elemento estético al que muchos no quieren renunciar. En los últimos años, ha empezado a sonar bastante el concepto de lentillas o lentes inteligentes.
Se trata de lentes de contacto que incorporan una serie de tecnologías con objetivos complementarios a la corrección ocular. Algunas de estas funciones innovadoras son el seguimiento de la presión intraocular, la glucosa, colesterol, alcohol, sodio u otras métricas de la medicina.
Están diseñadas para autoabastecerse de energía, ya sea a partir de la luz solar o de los movimientos mecánicos del parpadeo.
Estos nuevos inventos tienen proyecciones de futuro bastante difíciles de imaginar. Hablamos de realidad aumentada proyectada directamente en la retina, toma y almacenamiento de fotografías mediante el parpadeo, o incluso visión nocturna. Esta última aplicación forma parte de las posibilidades tecnológicas militares, como siempre un paso por delante del mercado al público. En este caso incluyen una serie de soluciones de visión térmica, zoom incorporado y otros avances con fines armamentísticos.
De nuevo, la tecnología aplicada a nuestros útiles diarios nos da un panorama de la tendencia de adaptar el entorno a nuestras necesidades. O de crear necesidades nuevas. Una visión bastante interesante de cómo surgió un instrumento tan básico y cotidiano, y de cómo puede llegar a convertirse en el próximo futuro.
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