Mickey Mouse es uno de los personajes de caricatura más antiguos y populares de la industria del entretenimiento. De hecho, en 1978 se convirtió en el primer personaje animado en recibir una estrella en el Paseo de la Fama de Hollywood. Desde entonces y hasta el día de hoy, su popularidad no ha hecho más que acrecentarse y sin temor a equivocarme podría decir que es el personaje animado más exitoso del mundo.
La historia que cuenta cómo este particular ratón cobró vida y se convirtió en la imagen de uno de los imperios más increíbles de nuestros días generalmente pasa desapercibida, hasta ahora.
Oswald, el conejo de la suerte
La historia de Mickey Mouse comienza en realidad con un conejo. Antes de que Disney Studios se convirtiera en el nombre más importante de la industria mundial de la animación, se llamaba Disney Brothers Studios, una pequeña parte del área de animación de Universal Pictures.
En 1927, Walt Disney creó a Oswald, the Lucky Rabbit. Su cara redonda y blanca, su nariz grande de botón y sus orejas negras caídas fueron un éxito instantáneo. Universal destinó entonces un presupuesto para producir una miniserie, que tuvo una muy buena recepción entre la audiencia infantil de la época y tendría continuidad con las producciones.
En 1928, Disney se reunió con los ejecutivos de Universal para renegociar las condiciones, ya que los estudios habían contratado a todos los empleados del área de animación y conservaba los derechos de Oswald. Tensando más la situación, Universal se ofreció a contratar a Disney por un salario más bajo, a lo que afortunadamente, él se negó.
Disney volvió a trabajar con el señor Ub Iwerks, el único animador que se atrevió a rechazar la oferta de Universal, y juntos emprenderían un nuevo proyecto para poder resurgir de las cenizas.
La creación del ratón Mortimer
Tras una serie de sesiones creativas por las noches, discusiones, tirones de pelo y muchas decepciones más tarde, el dúo decidió acortar las orejas del conejo, agregar relleno en la cara del personaje y convirtieron a Oswald en un ratón llamado Mortimer. Este nombre cambiaría muy pronto a Mickey por sugerencia de la esposa de Disney, según las teorías, que detestaba la primera propuesta. No imagino a nadie comprando productos de Mortimer Mouse.
En mayo de 1928, Mickey Mouse hizo su debut en el cortometraje mudo llamado Plane Crazy. Sin embargo, no logró atraer a ningún distribuidor. Esto no desalentó al curioso ratón, ya que Mickey regresó a la pantalla grande el 18 de noviembre de 1928 con su propio largometraje, Steamboat Willie. Esta fue la primera animación que incluyó música y efectos de sonido sincronizados, haciendo historia de inmediato y convirtiéndose en un éxito instantáneo.
Tras esta gran victoria, varios cortometrajes de Mickey Mouse se estrenaron en cuestión de meses, incluido Plane Crazy, pero esta vez con sonido. A partir de ahí, todo había cambiado tanto para el ratón como para su dueño, Walt Disney.
El ascenso meteórico de Mickey Mouse
A finales de año, Mickey ya se había convertido en un nombre popular en todo Estados Unidos. Disney no era conocido por ser un hombre que perdiese el tiempo, así que aprovechó este fanatismo temporal para abarrotar el mercado con una línea de productos del personaje.
En cuestión de dos años el ratón ya contaba con The Mickey Mouse Club, una especie de club de inscripciones para niños que tenían en común el gusto por las animaciones del personaje. Dado que el ratón se había convertido en un icono de ejemplo para los más pequeños, siempre fue importante para su creador que se mantuviera sujeto a una cierta moral y comportamiento. Eso lo llevó a la creación de otra figura conocida en 1934, el pato Donald, que siempre se metía en problemas.
En 1935, la imagen Mickey se actualizó al aspecto que conocemos hoy en día a cargo del animador Fred Moore. Anteriormente, el ratón se dibujaba como una serie de círculos, lo que limitaba su movimiento. Moore le dio un cuerpo en forma de pera, pupilas y una nariz más corta para hacerlo más agradable y comercial. Este fue también el año en que Mickey Mouse apareció en color por primera vez, usando pantalones cortos rojos, zapatos amarillos grandes y guantes blancos. El cortometraje de su debut fue traído por Technicolor, y se llamó The Band Concert.
La consolidación de Disney Studios a partir de Mickey Mouse
En 1937, Disney Studios producía alrededor de 12 cortos de Mickey Mouse al año y era el propio Disney quien le proporcionaba su característica voz aguda. Durante este período, el personaje adoptó muchos roles exitosos y conocidos: desde un héroe del fútbol, un cazador, un sastre y hasta un director de orquesta sinfónica. Se roció con insecticida, rescató a su perro Pluto del guardia de una perrera, estrelló un automóvil contra un granero, se retrasó en el pago del alquiler, se alistó en el ejército, le embargaron la casa y perdió a Minnie a manos de un grupo de chicos malos y musculosos, aunque al final siempre la recuperaba. La serie de dibujos animados hizo un uso extensivo de payasadas y juegos de palabras.
En la década de 1950, Mickey tenía un parque temático, una tira cómica en el periódico y su propio programa de televisión, The Mickey Mouse Club.
Pero poco tiempo después, otras películas de Disney como Bambi y La bella durmiente comenzaron a traer fama y dinero, y el ratón pasó a un segundo plano. Entre su último cortometraje de dibujos animados, The Simple Things en 1953, y el especial de Navidad de 1983, Mickey’s Christmas Carol, pasarón 30 años. El ratón permaneció retirado de las producciones principales de la empresa.
Mickey Mouse hoy en día
En el siglo XXI, las orejas de Mickey Mouse siguen siendo uno de los iconos culturales más famosos. Ha posado para fotografías con todas las personas que alguna vez visitaron Disneyland, y todas las ventas de productos relacionados con el ratón continúan contribuyendo con aproximadamente un 40% a los ingresos de la compañía.
Mickey Mouse continuó haciendo actos presenciales en Quién engañó a Roger Rabbit o un episodio de Sex and the City entre otros programas. En 2002, apareció en el videojuego de PlayStation 2 Kingdom Hearts. Y tal y como marca la tendencia, este querido ratón seguirá formando parte de la animación popular mientras Disney Studios tenga aire en los pulmones.
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