Paul Ekman es un psicólogo e investigador estadounidense especializado y precursor en la ciencia del comportamiento, el lenguaje no verbal y las microexpresiones. El desarrollo de su carrera pasó por el estudio de las emociones y su naturaleza «innata y universal», lo que lo convirtió en uno de los exponentes más importantes y mediáticos en la psicología del siglo XX y lo que va del XXI.
La teoría de las emociones
Paul Ekman inició su trabajo como investigador en la década de los 60 como asociado en el Hospital de la Administración para Veteranos de Palo Alto, en la Bahía de San Francisco, California. Allí empezó a estudiar el condicionamiento operante de los comportamientos verbales en pacientes psiquiátricos. Del análisis corporal, centró su atención en las expresiones faciales. Esto lo llevó años más tarde a realizar una serie de ambiciosas investigaciones transculturales que definirían el rumbo de su carrera.
Ekman se posicionó en contra de algunos de los dogmas de la antropología cultural. Encontró en sus estudios que las expresiones faciales vinculadas a las emociones no son determinadas por la cultura, sino que tienen un origen biológico y son universales. Pese a que la comunidad científica actual no apoyaba sus hipótesis, desarrolló con base en este principio su teoría de las emociones.
La corriente más aceptada antes de su aportación defendía que las emociones son construcciones sociales, por lo que dependen enteramente del contexto sociocultural de cada individuo. Ekman, en cambio, creía en la existencia de un origen biológico, lo cual implica universalidad y sugiere que las emociones se presentan en todas las culturas del mundo de forma muy similar.
El experimento
Para demostrar su tesis, exhibió fotografías de expresiones faciales de personas con diversos orígenes y culturas a lo largo de toda la geografía global. Siguiendo su teoría, estas expresiones deberían ser reconocibles por cualquiera independientemente del origen de la persona fotografiada.
Los resultados de la prueba fueron definitivos: prácticamente todos los participares pudieron reconocer e identificar las emociones representadas en las fotografías. Ekman demostró, de esta manera, la condición congénita y connatural de las emociones, indistintamente de la cultura o el origen.
A partir de este análisis, Ekman describió las cinco emociones básicas: asco, alegría, ira, tristeza y miedo. Más tarde se considerarían dos más: desprecio y sorpresa.
Su teoría desencadenó otras hipótesis como la idea del potencial adaptativo dentro de de la conducta social. Esto es: si hay una serie de emociones definidas y un modo por defecto de expresarlas, otros miembros de la especie pueden reconocerlas y usar esta información para su propio bien y el de su comunidad. Este concepto se acerca mucho a los supuestos desarrollados por Charles Darwin en El origen de las especies. Las reacciones emocionales de un individuo a cualquier estímulo del entorno puede alertar a los demás, desencadenando en ellos una conducta a partir de la comunicación no verbal.
Las microexpresiones
Las microexpresiones son el elemento principal de la teoría de las emociones de Paul Ekman. Son expresiones faciales realizadas de forma involuntaria y automática, con una duración menor a un segundo y como respuesta emocional a cualquier situación externa.
Según Ekman, los humanes somos capaces de presentar más de 10,000 expresiones faciales diferentes, de las que alrededor de 3,000 estarían relacionadas con las emociones.
El hecho de que las microexpresiones sean involuntarias y automáticas es lo que las convierte en el punto interesante de todo este conjunto de teorías. Uno de los objetivos que Ekman perseguía a través de estas investigaciones era desarrollar un sistema fiable de detección de mentiras, buscando incongruencias entre estas expresiones y el discurso de los individuos.
En esta línea, Ekman creó el Sistema de Codificación de Acción Facial para describir los movimientos faciales relacionados a las emociones básicas y varios métodos de entrenamiento para reconocerlas.
Las microexpresiones en el espectáculo
Más allá de la comunidad científica y de la psicología, Paul Ekman adquirió la fama en Estados Unidos por su interpretación del escándalo entre Bill Clinton y Mónica Lewinsky. Todos recordamos las declaraciones del que fue presidente durante los 90, «I did not have sexual relations with that woman». Ekman determinó que Clinton estaba mintiendo observando su lenguaje corporal.
Esta escena está representada en el primer capítulo de la serie Lie to me, protagonizada por Tim Roth. Ekman colaboró con Fox como consultor para el desarrollo de esta producción, que está basada en gran parte en su trabajo y sirvió como escaparate al público general de sus tesis en psicología y antropología.
Años más tarde, colaboró como asesor al director en la película de Pixar Inside out, que da vida precisamente a las cinco emociones básicas descritas por Ekman.
La revista Time nombró a Paul Ekman como una de las 100 personas más influyentes en el año 2009.
Microexpresiones como detector de mentiras
Entramos en los aspectos de controversia y más cuestionados del trabajo de Paul Ekman.
De acuerdo a los conceptos planteados en las investigaciones de Ekman, las microexpresiones se generan siguiendo unos patrones estereotípicos, lo cual significaría que se pueden desarrollar métodos para identificarlas. Pero a ojos de una parte de la comunidad científica, esto no implica que la identificación de estas microexpresiones sirvan para detectar mentiras. Mucho menos para leer los pensamientos, dicho en palabras burdas.
La comunidad defiende que las microexpresiones pueden ser un indicio para conocer la emoción de un individuo, pero no para conocer la causa de ese sentimiento. Por ejemplo: microexpresiones vinculadas al miedo pueden indicar que el individuo teme que sus mentiras sean descubiertas. Pero tambien que teme que los demás crean que lo que ha dicho sea mentira. Con lo cual, nada es determinante.
El trabajo de Paul Ekman es, indudablemente, uno de los acercamientos más interesantes a la psicología conductual de nuestra especie. Sus conclusiones sirven como elementos fundamentales para comprender mejor las predisposiciones genéticas del ser humano a la hora de expresar sus emociones. De relacionarse con su entorno, desarrollar la comunicación verbal y no verbal y otras capacidades sociales como la empatía.
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