La vista, el oído, el gusto, el olfato y el tacto. Estos son los cinco sentidos del cuerpo humano a los que siempre se hace referencia, los «tradicionales» por llamarles de algún modo. Pero lo cierto es que contamos con mucha más capacidad sensorial que la que agrupan estos mencionados. Capacidad de la que hacemos uso constantemente en nuestra vida cotidiana. La ciencia identifica al menos cuatro sentidos más, aunque dependiendo del criterio podríamos establecer hasta decenas.
La primera referencia a los cinco sentidos básicos
El primero que hizo referencia a la existencia de cinco sentidos básicos fue Aristóteles, nada menos. Su obra De Anima dedica un capítulo a cada uno de ellos, por lo que es bastante comprensible que este principio de cinco terminara convirtiéndose en una creencia generalizada aún hasta el día de hoy.
En aquellos tiempos remotos, hablamos del siglo IV a.C., casi todo el conocimiento derivaba de la filosofía. Incluyendo el estudio de la percepción del mundo exterior por parte del ser humano. Pero si nos adentramos en la ciencia, nos consta que el cerebro tiene muchas formas de recibir información externa. Al menos muchas más de cinco.
Los sentidos del cuerpo humano más allá del número cinco
El sentido de propiocepción
La propiocepción o el sentido cinestésico es la capacidad de conocer la posición relativa de las partes del cuerpo a partir de información de la dirección y el rango de movimiento, con el fin de reaccionar con rapidez a cualquier estímulo físico.
Es decir, poder ser conscientes de dónde se encuentra una parte del cuerpo aún cuando no la estemos viendo. Por ejemplo, tocarnos la nariz con la punta de los dedos con los ojos cerrados.
Este sentido es posible gracias a unos receptores musculares que comunican al cerebro la longitud y la capacidad de estiramiento de los músculos. La propiocepción también está involucrada en el control del equilibrio y la coordinación.
El sentido de equilibrio, posición y gravedad
El sistema vestibular es el responsable de proporcionar el sentido de equilibrio, posición, gravedad y aceleración en el cuerpo humano. Se trata de una composición de fluidos que se encuentran en el oído interno y ofrece información inmediata acerca de la posición del cuerpo con respecto a la gravedad, entre otros.
Con los ojos cerrados, nos permite darnos cuenta de cuál es nuestra postura, de mantener el equilibrio y de experimentar movimiento y aceleración en el espacio.
La termocepción
A través de la piel y de los órganos, el cuerpo humano tiene la capacidad de percibir el calor, el frío y el cambio general de temperatura. Sucede a partir de receptores que también son capaces de distinguir otras variables como la presión, el dolor o el picor. A veces, incluso, es posible distinguir el material que entra en contacto con la piel, sin mirar, en función de las sensaciones que genera al tacto, sin usar la yema de los dedos.
El sentido de nocicepción
En cuanto al dolor específicamente, el cuerpo humano cuenta con un sentido de nocicepción que permite percibir el dolor fisiológico a partir de receptores en la piel, en las articulaciones y huesos y en los órganos.
Aunque el dolor esté considerado como algo subjetivo, que según el individuo puede percibirse en mayor o menor medida, involucra varios sentidos simultáneamente. Con un objetivo claro de generar alerta y atención a un peligro para finalmente evitarlo.
Otros sentidos fácilmente identificables
Hablando de generar alerta, la ciencia está estudiando la posible existencia de un sentido especial para percibir situaciones de alerta, como una intuición concreta ubicada en la corteza anterior del cerebro. Una capacidad de protección ante el peligro externo.
Del mismo modo existe la percepción interoceptiva, un sentido que permite conocer de algún modo lo que está sucediendo en el interior del cuerpo. De acuerdo con este principio, cada órgano se siente a sí mismo, y esta capacidad es la que genera la sensación de hambre, sed, digestión, presión sanguínea, necesidades fisiológicas, etc.
Como un sentido adicional, muchas personas cuentan con ecolocalización, al igual que los murciélagos y algunos animales marinos.
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