Al sur de España, en Andalucía, se encuentra uno de los paisajes naturales más extraños de la orografía peninsular, el cauce del río Tinto. Se trata de un río que, por las características del suelo que atraviesa y su antigua explotación minera, discurre de un color rojo intenso semejante al vino tinto. De ahí viene su nombre.
Las particularidades de su entorno y su apariencia son tan curiosas, que la NASA lo escogió como objeto de estudio por sus posibles similitudes con el ambiente de Marte. Especialmente para analizar la posible supervivencia de diversos organismos bajo las inhóspitas condiciones del planeta rojo.
El río Tinto a través de las civilizaciones
El río Tinto nace a 420 metros de altura en la Sierra de Padre Caro, en Huelva, Andalucía. Discurre a lo largo de 100 km en una cuenca de 739 km2 hasta desembocar en la ría de Huelva, en el Golfo de Cádiz.
A lo largo de la historia, la zona experimentó una altísima actividad extractora por parte de los pueblos que se asentaron en sus alrededores (íberos, fenicios, romanos y musulmanes). Desde la Antigüedad se construyeron minas de cobre, hierro y manganeso que se mantuvieron con el paso del tiempo. Finalmente, en el siglo XIX la minería alcanzó un nivel de gran escala con la participación de empresas británicas hasta mediados del siglo XX. En las últimas décadas cualquier intención de explotación se detuvo por motivos medioambientales.
La causa del color rojo
La minería desarrollada alrededor del río Tinto es la causa principal de su apariencia. A lo largo de su cauce, la tierra experimenta la descomposición de diversos minerales que la componen. Un proceso llamado meteorización. Estos minerales contienen sulfuros de metales pesados como hierro y cobre que se oxidan a causa de la presencia de varias bacterias especiales. El resultado es la liberación de partículas que acidifican el agua del río y le dan su color tan característico.
El municipio donde se encuentra este particular paisaje se llama, de hecho, Minas de Riotinto.
La composición consecuente del agua después de este proceso tiene un pH muy ácido, entre 1.7 y 2.7. Además de un alto contenido en metales pesados. La existencia de organismos fotosintéticos en el agua agrega oxígeno a la mezcla. Estos microorganismos se alimentan de minerales y pueden adaptarse a hábitats extremos como es el caso. Esta evidencia de vida en un lugar tan contaminado y peligroso fue suficiente para despertar la curiosidad de la NASA y estudiar el río Tinto por sus posibles parecidos ambientales con la superficie de Marte.
Según un experimento del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) en el río Tinto, se ha confirmado la posibilidad de que determinados organismos puedan sobrevivir bajo las condiciones del planeta rojo.
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