Las poblaciones más septentrionales y meridionales del planeta viven bajo unas condiciones muy diferentes a las más próximas al Ecuador. La mayoría de pueblos y ciudades que se desarrollaron cerca de los polos se encuentran en el Ártico, una zona en la que tiene lugar uno de los acontecimientos más interesantes a este respecto, la noche polar.
Se trata de un fenómeno consecuencia de la inclinación del eje de la Tierra, por la que la ausencia de luz del Sol que habitualmente sucede en las horas nocturas en cualquier punto del planeta, se prolonga más de 24 h en el Círculo Polar Ártico. Cuando esto sucede, el Sol no alcanza la altura suficiente como para verse sobre el horizonte en estas regiones. Lo que se traduce en semanas y hasta meses de completa oscuridad.
Las características de la noche polar
La noche polar suele durar desde mediados de noviembre hasta finales de enero, extendiéndose hasta más de sesenta días. Así sucede en Barrow, un pueblo de 4,900 habitantes situado al norte de Alaska y considerado una de las poblaciones más septentrionales del planeta.
En este lugar, el fenómeno se celebra incluso de alguna forma, despidiendo la última puesta de Sol del año en torno al 18 o 19 de noviembre. Hasta el 23 de enero, cuando la estrella vuelve a observarse en el horizonte.
Durante la noche polar, la falta de luz y radiación favorece el descenso de la temperatura, que en promedio se encuentra en -20º o -30º. Y lo mismo sucede en otras ciudades de Noruega, como Tromsø, o Rusia, como Murmansk.
El fenómeno opuesto, el Sol de medianoche o día polar
El Sol de medianoche es el fenómeno opuesto a la noche polar, propio también de las proximidades de los polos. Sucede cuando el Sol se mantiene sobre el horizonte durante más de 24 horas y es producto igualmente de la inclinación del eje de rotación terrestre.
Tiene lugar en las fechas cercanas al solsticio de verano, en contraposición temporal del día polar. Y es visible en una región más amplia, incluso bajo el Círculo Polar Ártico, debido a la refracción de la luz del Sol y al crepúsculo típico de los cielos septentrionales.
Los efectos sobre las personas
En resumen, ambos fenómenos implican una variación extrema del tiempo de luz y oscuridad a la que cualquier persona que no resida en estas zonas está acostumbrada.
Por lo general, estas condiciones pueden relacionarse con la depresión, especialmente la noche polar. Aunque suele afectar en mayor grado a los visitantes o recién llegados. Para mitigar estos trastornos y cualquier otra repercusión del fenómeno, las poblaciones utilizan lámparas de alta potencia que imiten, de algún modo, la luz del Sol.
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