El Kremlin de Moscú es una de las construcciones más emblemáticas del mundo, considerada monumento nacional de Rusia y Patrimonio de la Humanidad por la Unesco desde 1990 junto a la Plaza Roja.
Se trata de un conjunto de edificios de índole civil y religioso ubicado en el centro de la capital rusa, entre el río Moscova, la Plaza Roja y el Jardín de Alejandro.
El Kremlin se convirtió, desde la época de la Unión Soviética, en el símbolo del gobierno de Rusia. De un modo muy similar a lo que representa la Casa Blanca en Estados Unidos.
La construcción del Kremlin de Moscú
Etimológicamente hablando, la palabra kremlin hace referencia a la fortaleza amurallada de las grandes ciudades rusas. Antiguamente, las urbes de este país solo reforzaban sus áreas centrales, protegiendo construcciones clave como la catedral, el palacio soberano y otros edificios relevantes para la política, la administración y demás menesteres. Esta zona, que comúnmente se identifica como la ciudadela de una ciudad, se custodiaba con cercas, contrafuertes y otros elementos de defensa, designándose en ruso como kremlin.
En Rusia existen más de quince kremlin, cinco de ellos nombrados Patrimonio de la Humanidad y entre los que el más importante hoy es, evidentemente, el Kremlin de Moscú.
El predominio de Moscú a partir del siglo XI
Durante los siglos XI y XII, Moscú se desarrolló como ciudad eslava, una de las poblaciones más extendidas por aquel entonces en Europa que se desplegó por gran parte de los países del norte. A lo largo de este periodo y hasta el siglo XIII, la urbe sobrevivió a las invasiones mongolas y tártaras gracias a los fuertes amurallados que protegían su ciudadela. Doscientos años más tarde, Moscú creció hasta ser capital de principado y reconstruyó sus murallas, reforzándolas y volviéndolas más robustas.
Varios años de urbanización, decoración y ornamento llevaron al Kremlin de Moscú a convertirse en el centro de la cultura de toda Rusia. País que se encontraba, entonces, en la culminación de sus esfuerzos por erigirse mundialmente como el estado centralizado más grande de Europa.
Hasta el siglo XVIII, el Kremlin atravesó varias etapas de conservación y ampliación arquitectónica, llegando casi al aspecto visible hoy en día. Se construyeron murallas, catedrales, iglesias y cementerios, entre otros edificios.
Tras varias invasiones, incendios, batallas e incluso tras pasar por las manos de Napoleón en el siglo XIX, la ciudadela volvió a restaurarse con el trabajo de los mejores arquitectos de la época. En aquel entonces San Petersburgo había tomado el rango de capital del país, por lo que el Kremlin pasó a ser la residencia temporal de la corte zarista.
Fue después de la Revolución bolchevique de octubre de 1917 cuando Moscú recuperó su liderazgo y, un año más tarde, el gobierno soviético se trasladó al Kremlin para ejercer su mandato.
La reapertura al público del Kremlin de Moscú
Tras la ocupación del gobierno en 1918, el Kremlin cerró sus puertas a los visitantes. Varios edificios de índole religioso se demolieron para erigir nuevos gubernamentales y se sustituyeron los símbolos adecuando la estética a una más institucional.
A lo largo del siglo XX se sucedieron nuevas restauraciones de palacios, monumentos y catedrales. Se construyó el Palacio de Congresos y se volvió a abrir al público en 1955. Desde el año 1990, el Kremlin de Moscú ostentan el título de Patrimonio de la Humanidad por la Unesco, como uno de los complejos arquitectónicos más extensos y desarrollados de la historia.
El complejo arquitectónico de la ciudadela
Después de haber sobrevivido a todo tipo de inclemencias y desastres, de haber sido reconstruido varias veces, modificado y restaurado, el Kremlin de Moscú cuenta con varios edificios de uso político, catedrales, palacios, museos y monumentos.
Tres de los inmuebles son residencia oficial del presidente de la Federación Rusa: el Palacio del Senado, el Gran Palacio del Kremlin y la Escuela Militar. Otras construcciones administrativas son el Arsenal y la Armería del Kremlin, el Palacio de las Facetas, el Palacio de los Terems y el Palacio Poteshny. Varios de ellos fueron residencias principales de los zares rusos, edificios seculares o museos.
Los dos monumentos más importantes de la ciudadela son el Cañón del Zar (Tsar Pushka) y la Campana del Zar (Tsar Kólokol). Dos elementos ornamentales que destacan por su gran tamaño y peso.
La Plaza de las Catedrales se encuentra en el centro del Kremlin y se rodea de seis catedrales e iglesias. Entre las que destaca por su estética impresionante la Catedral de San Basilio.
El Kremlin en la política de Rusia
Como es habitual en varios países, el Kremlin se convirtió en un símbolo de la política rusa desde su uso gubernamental tras la Revolución de 1917. Especialmente durante la etapa de la Unión Soviética empezó a utilizarse la palabra para referirse a todo lo relacionado con la política y sus ramificaciones.
Del mismo modo que la Moncloa en España, la Casa Blanca en Estados Unidos, Downing Street en el Reino Unido o el Palacio del Elíseo en Francia.
La importancia de la Plaza Roja
De forma paralela al Kremlin de Moscú, la Plaza Roja fue adquiriendo relevancia en Rusia y en el mundo con el paso del tiempo. Se trata de una plaza de 330 metros de largo por 70 de ancho que por su traducción literal se llamaría Plaza Hermosa.
Se encuentra en el bario comercial de Moscú Kitay-górod, y de ella parten las avenidas más importantes de la ciudad ampliándose hacia las afueras. Es por ello que se le considera el centro de Moscú y, por extensión, de toda Rusia.
En ella se encuentra el patíbulo, una estructura en tablas que antiguamente se usaba para actos solemnes religiosos en las principales plazas de las ciudades. El Monumento a Minin y Pozharsky, una estatua de bronce que conmemora al príncipe Dimitry Pozharsky y al comerciante Kuzmá Minin, quienes pusieron fin al Período Tumultuoso que vivió Rusia hasta principios del siglo XVII. El mausoleo de Lenin, político revolucionario comunista que lideró la Revolución rusa de 1917. Y parte de la muralla del Kremlin de Moscú, en donde están sepultados algunos de los militantes comunistas más importantes de la URSS, como Joseph Stalin o Yuri Gagarin, entre otros.
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