En 1906, el Automobile Club de Francia creó una competencia de velocidad en la que participaron varios coches. Nadie podría adivinar en aquel entonces, que el evento terminaría convirtiéndose en uno de los acontecimientos del motor más importantes del mundo. Aquella primera carrera contó con 32 autos en un recorrido de 105 km cerca de la ciudad de Le Mans y tardó dos días en completarse. Esos humildes orígenes se transformaron en lo que hoy conocemos como la Fórmula 1.
Con el tiempo y la tecnología, los automóviles han ido evolucionando hasta ser actualmente máquinas precisas con un solo propósito. Sobrepasar los límites que alguna vez se consideraron imposibles.
Aunque en carrera la velocidad está sujeta a las variables de la pista y la competición, los autos de Fórmula 1 pueden alcanzar fácilmente velocidades de 300 km/h. Esta magnitud se debe al trabajo y desarrollo de ingeniería de cada escudería. Un factor cada vez más importante en el resultado de las carreras y en el que los equipos invierten millones de dólares cada año.
El chasis
El corazón de un automóvil de Fórmula 1 es el chasis, la parte en la que todo está sujeto. Como la mayoría de los vehículos y aviones modernos, los coches de carreras cuentan con una construcción «monocasco». Una palabra francesa que significa «capa única» y se refiere al proceso de construir todo el cuerpo con una sola pieza de material.
Antiguamente, ese material era el aluminio. Pero hoy se trata de un fuerte compuesto de fibras de carbono hiladas en resina o en capas sobre una malla de aluminio. El resultado final es un automóvil ligero que puede soportar las enormes fuerzas que se producen a medida que el vehículo se mueve y acelera.
El motor de un Fórmula 1
Antes de 2006, los coches de Fórmula 1 funcionaban con enormes motores V10 de tres litros. Luego las reglas cambiaron, especificando el uso de motores V8 de 2.4 litros. Aunque esto supuso una reducción de potencia, los motores de Fórmula 1 pueden producir casi 900 caballos de fuerza. Para ponerlo en perspectiva, el motor de 2.5 litros de un Volkswagen Jetta produce solo 150 caballos.
A pesar de estas increíbles posibilidades, el motor de un Fórmula 1 debe reconstruirse después de aproximadamente 800 km. Toda esa potencia requiere números altísimos de revoluciones, casi 19,000 por minuto. Lo que genera una enorme cantidad de calor y ejerce una gran tensión en las partes móviles.
Los neumáticos
Los neumáticos de un coche de Fórmula 1 son la parte más importante de todo el vehículo. Parece una exageración, pero su relevancia se debe a que es la única parte que toca la superficie de la pista. Esto significa que todos los demás sistemas principales, el motor, la suspensión y los frenos, hacen su trabajo a través de los neumáticos. Si estos no funcionan bien, el coche tampoco lo hará, independientemente de la superioridad técnica de otros sistemas.
Están hechos de compuestos de caucho muy blando que, a medida que se calientan, se adhieren a la carretera y proporcionan una enorme fuerza de agarre. De hecho, los neumáticos de carreras funcionan mejor a altas temperaturas, por lo que deben calentarse minutos antes de la competición. En compensación tienen menor durabilidad, como máximo unos 200 km.
Ante este desgaste, los coches cuentan con unos sistemas de control de tracción que utilizan sensores electrónicos para reducir en lo posible la velocidad de giro de las ruedas. Todo ello con el objetivo de aumentar su vida útil antes de la necesidad de cambiarlas.
La aerodinámica en los coches de Fórmula 1
Un coche de carreras se define tanto por su aerodinámica como por su potente motor. Esto se debe a que cualquier vehículo que viaje a alta velocidad debe poder hacer bien dos cosas: reducir la resistencia del aire y aumentar la carga aerodinámica. La estructura baja y ancha de los autos de Fórmula 1 controlan la primera variable. Mientras que el alerón trasero, un difusor, placas de extremo y placas inferiores controlan la segunda.
El resultado de toda esta ingeniería es una carga aerodinámica combinada de aproximadamente 2,500 kilogramos. Más de cuatro veces el peso del propio automóvil. Justo lo que le permite moverse a tales velocidades sin terminar hecho pedazos por las fuerzas físicas.
Los frenos
Como dice un conocido eslogan publicitario, la potencia sin control no sirve de nada. La velocidad alcanzada por un coche de Fórmula 1 está sometida al control del piloto a partir de los frenos y el volante. Todo con el fin de terminar la carrera en la mejor posición posible.
En este sentido, aunque los frenos de disco de los autos de Fórmula 1 son casi ídenticos a los de coches de calle, los de carreras deben soportar velocidades superiores a las 320 km/h. Esto provoca que estos dispositivos brillen al rojo vivo cuando se usan. Para ayudar a reducir el desgaste y aumentar el rendimiento de frenado, actualmente se utilizan discos y pastillas de fibra de carbono. Unos sistemas de frenos extremadamente efectivos a temperaturas de hasta 750°C.
El volante de Fórmula 1
El volante de un coche de carreras es el elemento más distinto con respecto al resto de vehículos habituales. Como centro de comando de la máquina, alberga una vertiginosa variedad de botones, conmutadores e interruptores. Durante la carrera, el conductor puede controlar casi todos los aspectos del rendimiento del automóvil, cambios de marcha, mezcla de combustible, equilibrio de los frenos y mucho más. Además, todo este manejo está integrado en un volante con aproximadamente la mitad del diámetro del volante de un utilitario normal.
Las reglas de la FIA (Federación Internacional del Automóvil) establecen que el conductor debe poder salir de su vehículo en cinco segundos, sin quitar nada excepto el volante. Para permitirlo, el volante se une a la columna de dirección mediante un conector a presión.
La Fórmula 1 es uno de los deportes más populares del mundo. Cada gran premio atrae a más de 120,000 espectadores a la pista, mientras otros 30 millones ven la carrera por televisión en 150 países. En comparación, la asistencia promedio a un juego de la NFL de temporada regular es de aproximadamente 66,500 personas. Así que cada carrera de este gran deporte puede considerarse como un Super Bowl. Los boletos de admisión general cuestan alrededor de 150 dólares y, para la mayoría de los fanáticos de la Fórmula 1, la recompensa superan con creces dichos costos.
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