La fosa de las Marianas es una depresión del fondo marino ubicada en la parte occidental del Océano Pacífico, aproximadamente a 200 km de distancia de las Islas Marianas.
Como tal, es uno de los lugares más desconocidos e inexplorados de la geografía terrestre debido a que es el punto más profundo del planeta. Su máxima profundidad conocida alcanza los 10,928 metros en el llamado Abismo Challenger, una zona situada en el extremo sur de la depresión. No obstante, algunas expediciones han medido una profundidad mayor, hasta los 11,034 metros.
Para ver estas medidas en perspectiva, si consideramos el monte Everest como pico más alto de la Tierra y lo ubicamos en medio de la fosa, todavía estaría más de dos mil metros bajo la superficie del mar. Una distancia abrumadora que puede darnos una idea de la inmensa magnitud de este remoto espacio del planeta.
Las características geológicas y atmosféricas de la fosa
Entre otras muchas variables, la principal diferencia entre la profundidad de la fosa de las Marianas y la superficie habitable es la presión.
La columna de agua que reposa sobre el fondo de la fosa ejerce una presión de 1,086 bares, lo que es más de mil veces la presión atmosférica a nivel del mar.
Estas condiciones extremas dificultan enormemente la existencia de vida y la misma investigación. Descender tantos metros supone un enorme reto tecnológico, para compensar las diferencias de temperatura y presión conforme bajan los metros. De hecho y pese a las pocas inmersiones que se han realizado con respecto a otros puntos oceánicos, los seres que habitan estas profundidades son radicalmente diferentes a los visibles en áreas de la superficie.
Las personas que han descendido los 10 km
Todo lo descrito hasta el momento de la fosa de las Marianas sirve para comprender por qué es uno de los lugares más inhóspitos y exclusivos de la Tierra. Solamente 8 personas en el mundo han descendido hasta el Abismo Challenger, algo para lo que se necesita ser científico o millonario.
El director de cine James Cameron se convirtió en uno de los siete afortunados el 26 de marzo de 2012. Descendió 10,908 metros, una profundidad nunca antes alcanzada por el ser humano en solitario. Su inmersión fue emitida en la película documental Deepsea Challenge 3D, y en ella explica cómo se vio obligado a fabricar su propio submarino al no existir ningún vehículo civil que pudiera llevarlo hasta tal abismo.
Otro submarinista que alcanzó la misma hazaña fue Victor Vescovo, fundador de Caladan Oceanic. El explorador estadounidense logró un récord sin precedentes al descender casi 11 kilómetros, la inmersión más profunda. En este caso la noticia se vio ensombrecida porque el propio submarinista encontró restos plásticos incluso en ese lugar. Una confirmación del impacto causado por los humanos en todos los ecosistemas de la Tierra.
Junto a él, también batió un récord Kathy Sullivan, la primera mujer en realizar una caminata espacial y en llegar al punto más profundo del planeta.
La empresa de Vescovo en conjunto con EYOS Expedition organizan actualmente expediciones a la fosa de las Marianas por un coste de 700,000 euros. Una cantidad disponible solo para unos pocos que tengan curiosidad por conocer este lugar recóndito.
En total y para dimensionar el carácter exclusivo de esta zona, mientras 4,000 personas han subido al Everest y 562 han ido al espacio exterior, solo ocho han bajado a la fosa de las Marianas.
Las criaturas y seres que viven en la fosa de las Marianas
Cuanto más se desciende en el océano, menos luz llega. En las profundidades de la fosa de las Marianas hay una oscuridad plena y absoluta. Algo que junto con la alta presión atmosférica permite la vida de solamente algunos seres adaptados a estas condiciones.
A ocho kilómetros bajo el mar se encontraron peces extraños, de aspecto gelatinoso, cuya forma varía sustancialmente al llevarlos a la superficie. Debido justamente a los cambios de presión. Otras especies observadas fueron medusas brillantes, peces fosforitos, peces ciegos y hasta dentudos, con un semblante bastante terrorífico.
En el fondo del abismo se encontraron unos seres llamados xenofióforos. Microorganismo con una apariencia similar a la esponja de mar que no han podido recolectarse por su extrema delicadeza.
La fosa de las Marianas en la cultura popular
El halo de misterio que inevitablemente envuelve a la fosa de las Marianas, ha llevado a construir una serie de mitos y leyendas. El gran desconocimiento de la depresión y de lo que hay en las profundidades alimentó toda clase de historias sobre criaturas gigantes que habitan el océano.
Casos como el megalodón, un tiburón prehistórico que para muchos sigue existiendo en la fosa. El Kraken, un ser de la mitología escandinava. Leviatán, ser descrito en la misma Biblia. O la criatura Cthulhu, monstruo literario con el que muchos también fantasean.
En conjunto, la fosa de las Marianas no deja de ser objeto de estudio de la ciencia y de los más intrépidos y curiosos. Un ejemplo más de los secretos que todavía esconde nuestro planeta y de lo poco que lo hemos explorado.
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