En las tradiciones navideñas es común representar a una Estrella de Navidad que, según la historia del Nuevo Testamento, guió a los tres Reyes Magos hacia Belén en el nacimiento de Jesús. Pero esta interpretación fue analizada por primera vez en 1603 por el astrónomo y matemático alemán Johannes Kepler casi por casualidad. Kepler es conocido por su aportación a la revolución científica que tuvo lugar entre los siglos XVI y XVII y sus leyes sobre el movimiento orbital de los planetas alrededor del Sol. En una mañana de invierno en Praga, observó en el cielo un fenómeno que despertó su interés, la aproximación de los planetas Júpiter y Saturno.
Alrededor de 1623, los dos planetas se alinearon en el espacio dando lugar a la Gran Conjunción. Un evento astrológico recurrente que se cree que ocurrió en el siglo 6 a.C., según los estudios, y se considera el origen de la historia de la Estrella de Navidad.
La conjunción planetaria
Júpiter y Saturno no habían estado tan cerca entre sí desde hace 400 años. Durante el mes de diciembre de 2020 se pudieron observar desde la Tierra dos puntos brillantes cada vez más próximos el uno del otro, que llegaron a superponerse la noche del día 21, pareciendo solamente una estrella. Esta conjunción planetaria se hizo visible durante aproximadamente dos semanas después del atardecer, dando lugar a un acontecimiento único en la astronomía digno de admiración.
Tal y como explica la División de Ciencias Planetarias de la NASA, desde nuestro punto de vista en la Tierra, podemos ver a Júpiter acercarse a Saturno durante todo el mes para finalmente adelantarlo el 21 de diciembre.
Según los cálculos astronómicos, ambos planetas se cruzan con cierta regularidad, una vez cada 20 años. Sin embargo, no habían estado tan cerca desde hace 400 años; y la conjunción no había tenido lugar en la noche desde hace 800, haciéndola visible. La suma de estas condiciones hicieron de esta ocasión una oportunidad irrepetible para observar el evento desde casi cualquier punto en la Tierra.
Para entender la corta distancia que separa a los dos planetas sin entrar en términos científicos, podríamos imaginar que un solo dedo meñique con el brazo extendido y desde nuestra perspectiva en la Tierra puede tapar ambos mundos. Aunque para nosotros estén increíblemente cerca, en realidad la distancia sería unas cinco veces mayor a la que hay entre nuestro planeta y el Sol.

Fuente de la imagen: NASA
Coincidencia con el solsticio de invierno
El fenómeno ocurrió el 21 de diciembre, mismo día del solsticio de invierno. Pero esta coincidencia es resultado únicamente de las órbitas alrededor del Sol y la inclinación de la Tierra, ya que las conjunciones planetarias pueden suceder en cualquier día del año, sin más variable que la ubicación sobre su propia trayectoria.
En este caso, el solsticio de invierno es la noche más larga del año, por lo que amplía la ventana de tiempo para poder observar este fenómeno y el resto de cuerpos visibles del Sistema Solar.
Según se ha confirmado, la conjunción de Júpiter y Saturno no volverá a suceder hasta el 15 de marzo de 2080.
Cómo observar la Conjunción de Júpiter y Saturno
El fenómeno será visible durante dos semanas después del 21 de diciembre. Para observarlo en buenas condiciones en el cielo, lo más aconsejable sería buscar un lugar despejado y alejado de la contaminación lumínica. Ambos planetas son brillantes, Júpiter más que Saturno, por lo que sería relativamente fácil identificarlos.
Esperando a que se ponga el Sol, ya que la falta de luz facilitará la observación, habría que mirar hacia el cielo del suroeste. Los dos planetas podrán verse a simple vista, aunque un telescopio o unos prismáticos facilitarían la visibilidad. Con estos aparatos, podrían verse incluso las cuatro lunas de Júpiter y los anillos de Saturno. En definitiva, un espectáculo irrepetible.
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