El funcionamiento de la memoria es uno de los mayores enigmas de la ciencia. La forma en que da sentido a la propia existencia de cada individuo, a través de los recuerdos, la identidad y la conciencia, es innegable. Sin embargo, la acumulación de estos recuerdos no es tan rigurosa como pudiéramos pensar. De forma inconsciente y con el paso del tiempo, manipulamos los recuerdos a nuestra conveniencia, con el fin de reafirmar una visión positiva de nosotros mismos y eliminar cualquier rastro de idea que cuestione nuestra propia imagen. Entramos en el área de la psicología de los falsos recuerdos o la falsa memoria.
El experimento de Elizabeth Loftus
La investigadora Elizabeth Loftus es una de las psicólogas más reconocidas en este campo de la ciencia. Dedicó parte de su carrera a estudiar cómo los individuos generan falsos recuerdos y los integran en su memoria aceptándolos como reales. Para ello, realizó una serie de experimentos que concluyeron en su teoría.
En primer lugar, seleccionó un grupo de personas a los que dotó de cuatro cartas. Tres de ellas contenían experiencias reales de los sujetos, que habían relatado anteriormente varios parientes cercanos. La cuarta carta contenía un recuerdo ficticio, totalmente falso. Esta anécdota inventada describía que el individuo, cuando era niño, se había perdido en un centro comercial al que había ido con su familia. En tal suceso una anciana amable lo había encontrado y ayudado.
En las entrevistas finales del experimento, el 25% de las personas que participaron en el estudio explicaron detalladamente los hechos de aquel día que, en realidad, nunca sucedieron. Incluso, algunos de ellos, dieron una descripción específica de la anciana y de lo que habían sentido tras perderse.
La segunda prueba de los falsos recuerdos
Después de esta primera fase, Loftus puso en marcha una segunda prueba del experimento un poco más extrema. Recopiló varias fotografías de la infancia de los sujetos y las manipuló con montajes inverosímiles y extraños, muy alejados de la realidad de cada uno. Al final del proceso, el 50% de los individuos describió con detalles, de nuevo, el evento fantaseado. Añadiendo, además, algún hecho secundario totalmente falso, que complementaba su falso recuerdo.
Ante los resultados de estas pruebas, la revista Review of Philosophy and Psychology publicó un artículo con las conclusiones del Dr. Roy Dings y el profesor Albert Newen del Instituto de Filosofía de la Ruhr-Universität Bochum, de Alemania. En él explican que las personas modifican los recuerdos de sus experiencias pasadas durante el mismo proceso de recuerdo, dándoles la forma que más convenga.
El funcionamiento de la memoria
Esta teoría completa el conocimiento que hoy existe acerca de la memoria, que almacena los recuerdos vinculados con experiencias y sentimientos muy positivos o muy negativos. Y lo hace no como un registro riguroso de los hechos, sino como un constructo alimentado de la percepción de estos hechos. Mismo constructo que se repite y modifica en el momento de recordarlos.
En este sentido, se han definido tres niveles de influencia de los que depende la nueva forma que le damos a los recuerdos. Por un lado, la tendencia a buscar el estímulo que activa un recuerdo positivo y evitar el que activa un recuerdo negativo. Por otro lado, la imagen y concepto de uno mismo que ayuda a completar la información de fondo del recuerdo de una u otra forma. En último lugar, el nivel de concreción o abstracción de las descripciones relacionadas al recuerdo, que influyen en la intensidad del mismo y en los sentimientos asociados.
En palabras del profesor Newen, cada individuo da forma a sus recuerdos de tal forma que protege su yo positivo, suavizando los retos que plantean los recuerdos negativos que no se ajustan a la imagen que concibe de sí mismo.
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