Todo el mundo ha participado en conversaciones donde el que más presume de saber es el que menos sabe. Esta distorsión de la auto percepción tiene un nombre identificado por la ciencia, concretamente por la psicología social. Se trata del Efecto Dunning-Kruger, un sesgo cognitivo en el que los individuos incompetentes tienden a sobreestimar su habilidad. Considerándose altamente capacitados e incluso muy superiores a sus semejantes, a pesar de demostrar indiscutiblemente todo lo contrario.
El porqué del efecto Dunning-Kruger
Esta distorsión de la auto percepción deriva en juicios inexactos e interpretaciones ilógicas e irracionales. Se debe a la incapacidad del individuo ignorante para reconocer su propia ignorancia. Pero también afecta en el sentido contrario. Personas altamente competentes que subestiman sus capacidades en relación con la de otros.
Este curioso fenómeno psicosocial deriva en determinadas situaciones que muchos podrían identificar como familiares. Los individuos competentes tienden a asignar tareas complejas a individuos incompetentes, sin habilitad suficiente para completarlas, bajo la creencia de que dichas tareas son sencillas y factibles. Mientras tanto, los individuos incompetentes tienden a afrontar tareas para las que no están cualificados, pudiendo ser incapaces después de reconocer su propio fracaso.
Esta mala interpretación se debe a la falta de autoconocimiento y a la dificultad para evaluar objetivamente la aptitud o ineptitud propias y ajenas. De hecho, el efecto Dunning-Kruger se trata de una ilusión interna en personas incompetentes y de una percepción externa errónea en personas competentes.
La identificación del sesgo que valió un Premio Nobel
Este fenómeno fue descrito en 1999 por los psicólogos sociales David Dunning y Justin Kruger, de ahí su nombre, que los llevó a recibir el Premio Nobel de Psicología un año después.
Para llegar a la definición del efecto realizaron una serie de investigaciones en torno a la comprensión lectora, entre otras habilidades. Una de las conclusiones más determinantes del estudio es que la ignorancia genera más confianza que el conocimiento.
Partieron de la hipótesis de que, en una habilidad típica que poseen los seres humanos, los individuos incompetentes tienden a sobreestimar su propia capacidad, tienden a no reconocer la capacidad de otros y tienden a no reconocer su insuficiencia. Sin embargo, bajo un entrenamiento que mejore sustancialmente su habilidad, pueden reconocer y aceptar su incapacidad inicial.
Para probar esta hipótesis realizaron varias pruebas con estudiantes de psicología de la Universidad de Cornell. Analizaron las evaluaciones de los sujetos en razonamiento lógico, humor y gramática y las contrastaron con la estimación de los mismos sujetos de la posición obtenida en cada caso.
Los resultados fueron categóricos. Los participantes que recibieron peor puntuación (12%), sobreestimaron con mucho su habilidad y resultado en el ejercicio,considerándolo un 62%.
En una extensión del trabajo, se concluyeron otras causas externas a este fenómeno. Por un lado el desarrollo individual de la empatía y la percepción de la misma. Por otro lado los prejuicios. Y, evidentemente, la influencia cultural y del entorno social.
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