Desde que la medicina lo permite, la donación de órganos y los trasplantes han dado un salto significativo en la esperanza y la calidad de vida de las personas en todo el mundo. En este campo tan importante de la industria sanitaria, la administración del tiempo, la gestión logística, la profesionalidad y la ética son fundamentales para salvar vidas.
El 29 de noviembre del año 2019, el sistema español de trasplantes logró batir un récord de actividad gestionando a 19 donantes fallecidos en menos de 24 horas. Lo que permitió realizar un total de 38 trasplantes: 23 renales, 10 hepáticos, 2 bipulmonares, 2 cardíacos y 1 de páncreas y riñón.
Para lograr tal hazaña, se dispusieron varios operativos que involucraron a 27 hospitales de 13 comunidades autónomas distintas, además de un hospital francés. Según informó la Organización Nacional de Trasplantes (ONT), cinco de las donaciones se llevaron a cabo en asistolia, es decir, en ausencia completa de actividad eléctrica, y una fue una gestión internacional.
La operación logística que permitió gestionar semejante proeza médica fue muy compleja, pero resuelta con bastante precisión. Fue necesaria la colaboración de organismos públicos y privados, servicios de emergencias y protección civil de las comunidades implicadas, 8 vuelos (5 privados y 3 comerciales) para trasladar equipo y los órganos y una participación total de 12 aeropuertos.
Sin lugar a dudas, una gesta única y encomiable que ensalza el trabajo de las dependencias y organismos responsables. El Ministerio de Sanidad, Consumo y Bienestar Social, la ONT, los coordinadores hospitalarios, la red de transportes y todos los ciudadanos solidarios. Este tipo de operativos respalda el liderazgo de España a nivel mundial en el ámbito de las donaciones de órganos. Un puesto que mantiene desde hace 28 años.
Lo que convierte a España en líder mundial en donaciones y trasplantes de órganos
Si nos abocamos de nuevo en cifras y estadísticas, España tiene una tasa de 43 donantes de órganos por millón de habitantes y casi 5,000 trasplantes al año, lo que significa un promedio de 13 operativos cada día.
Esto se traduce en que los españoles son los habitantes con mayor probabilidad de recibir un órgano en caso de necesitarlo. En un contexto global en el que las donaciones cubren solamente el 10% de lo necesario, España se ha convertido en modelo a seguir para muchos países extranjeros que tratan de optimizar sus procedimientos para enriquecer su servicio sanitario.
Según un artículo publicado en la revista American Journal of Transplantation, existen cuatro razones del éxito del modelo español de trasplantes.
La identificación de donantes potenciales
Para que exista un buen protocolo de trasplantes, debe dársele la importancia suficiente a la primera fase de identificación de donantes potenciales, así como la gestión y administración de datos en un tiempo lo más corto posible. En este sentido, no solamente se consideran posibles donantes a las personas de cuidados intensivos. También a los de las áreas de urgencias e ingresos en planta.
La ampliación del rango de edad de los donantes
Mientras que en otros países como Estados Unidos no se contemplan donaciones de personas mayores de 65 años, en España sí se aceptan. En el país norteamericano la tasa de donantes de esa edad es del 7%, en España un 10% son mayores de 80 años.
Contemplar posibles donaciones en casos de muerte cerebral y circulatoria
Este quizá sea el punto más importante de esta lista teniendo en cuenta las complejidades logísticas y médicas que supone. Habitualmente se tiene en cuenta la donación en caso de muerte cerebral. En este estado, las funciones del cerebro han cesado.
Pero el modelo diseñado por España contempla también la donación en asistolia que se ejecuta en los casos de muerte circulatoria. En esta situación, la circulación sanguínea, la actividad cardíaca y la respiración se han detenido, por lo que los órganos pueden deteriorarse muy rápido. Esto exige un operativo ágil, muy controlado y con protocolos altamente testados. Es extremadamente difícil, pero permite donaciones incluso de personas que fallecen súbitamente en cualquier espacio.
La profesionalidad del personal médico involucrado en los trasplantes
Aunque se diseñe un modelo y operativos sumamente cuidados y detallados, toda la responsabilidad recae en las personas que tienen que ejecutarlo finalmente. La importancia de gestionar adecuadamente una donación inmediata depende de los profesionales que se encargan de todo el proceso.
Desde los trámites administrativos, el traslado de los órganos y la logística hospitalaria, hasta los mismos trasplantes. Todos los involucrados en estos procedimientos están instruidos y respaldados por la ONT y sus dependencias de coordinación autonómicas.
Definitivamente, una labor sobresaliente, increíblemente compleja y precisa, que logra salvar y cambiar vidas a millones de personas.
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