Pocos avances científicos han tenido un impacto tan inmediato como el descubrimiento de los rayos X por Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen, un evento trascendental que revolucionó instantáneamente los campos de la física y la medicina.
Este avance surgió en un laboratorio y se generalizó rápidamente en todo el mundo. Un año después del anuncio de Roentgen, tanto los rayos X como su diagnóstico y la manera en que se realizaba la terapia médica se convirtieron en una parte asentada de la medicina.
La vida de Roentgen
A diferencia de la mayoría de contemporaneos famosos, la carrera científica de Roentgen estuvo plagada de dificultades y particularidades. Nació el 27 de marzo de 1845 en Lennep, en la provincia alemana del Bajo Rin, como hijo único de un comerciante y fabricante de telas. Cuando tenía tres años, su familia se trasladó a Apeldoorn en los Países Bajos, donde fue al internado de Martinus Herman van Doorn. En sus primeros años de vida no mostró ninguna aptitud especial, pero sí un amor por la naturaleza y por vagar en el campo abierto y los bosques.
Era especialmente bueno para hacer artilugios mecánicos, una característica que se mantuvo con él también en la vida adulta. En 1862 ingresó en una escuela técnica en Utrecht, donde sin embargo fue expulsado injustamente, acusado de haber realizado una caricatura de uno de los profesores, que de hecho fue realizada por otra persona.
Esta falta de comportamiento le impidió obtener un puesto en la Universidad de Würzburg, incluso después de recibir su doctorado. Aunque con mucha insistencia, finalmente fue aceptado.

Sus experimentos en Würzburg se centraron en fenómenos de luz y otras emisiones generadas por la descarga de corriente eléctrica en los llamados «tubos de Crookes». Bombillas de vidrio con electrodos positivos y negativos, que muestran un brillo fluorescente cuando pasa una corriente de alto voltaje. El joven científico estaba particularmente interesado en los rayos catódicos y en evaluar su alcance fuera de los tubos cargados.
La creación de los rayos X
En la noche del 8 de noviembre de 1895, Roentgen encontró que al cubrir el tubo de descarga en una capa de cartón gruesa de color negra y sellada para excluir toda la luz, provocaba un nuevo tipo de fluoresencia que hacía reacción con el platinocianuro de bario, material con el que cubria una parte del tubo, incluso cuando lo alejaba a 2.5 metros de distancia. Este nuevo tipo de reacción llamó la atención del cientifico, comenzando así una serie de experimentos posteriores a partir de los cuales descubrió que los objetos de diferentes espesores interpuestos en el camino de los rayos, mostraban una transparencia variable al registrarse directamente en una placa fotográfica.
Entre estos experimentos, llegó a inmovilizar la mano de su esposa por unos instantes en el camino de los rayos y, al revelar la placa, mostraba las sombras de los huesos y la curiosa silueta del anillo que llevaba. Todo sutilmente rodeado por el exterior de carne, que era más permeable a los rayos y por tanto arrojaba una sombra más tenue. Esta fue la primera radiografía jamás tomada o, como él la llamaba, Roentgenograma.

En experimentos posteriores, el científico demostró que los nuevos rayos se producen por el impacto de los rayos catódicos sobre un objeto o material espécifico. Como en ese entonces se desconocía su naturaleza, les dio el nombre de rayos X.
Más tarde, Max von Laue y sus alumnos demostraron que son de la misma naturaleza electromagnética que la luz, pero se diferencian de ella solo en la frecuencia su vibración, que es más alta.
Los rayos X salen a la luz pública
Para probar sus observaciones y mejorar sus datos científicos, Roentgen se sumergió en siete semanas de meticulosos experimentos planificados. El 28 de diciembre, presentó su primera redacción oficial en las Actas de la Sociedad Físico-Médica de Würzburg. En enero de 1896 hizo su primera presentación pública ante la misma sociedad. Siguiendo su conferencia con una demostración, hizo una placa de la mano de un anatomista asistente. Maravillada ante el nuevo desubrimiento, la comunidad reunida propuso que el nuevo tipo de rayos se llamaran «Rayos de Roentgen», aunque no se llegó a popularizar.
La noticia se difundió rápidamente por todo el mundo. Thomas Edison era uno de los más ansiosos por intervenir en el descubrimiento de Roentgen y desarrolló un fluoroscopio. Un aparato que producía rayos X en una escala más accesible para los espacios médicos, aunque al final no pudo hacer una versión doméstica.
El flouroscopio estuvo ampliamente disponible en poco tiempo y los estudios se abrieron para tomar retratos de huesos, alimentando aún más el interés y la imaginación del público. Las historias sobre rayos X aparecieron en revistas populares y su uso metafórico en caricaturas políticas, cuentos y publicidad. Los detectives promocionaron el uso de dispositivos Roentgen para seguir a cónyuges infieles. Y se llegó a fabricar ropa interior de plomo para frustrar los intentos de «espiar con gafas de rayos X».

Reconocimiento y vida posterior
Roentgen recibió el Premio Nobel de física en 1901 por su descubrimiento. Cuando se le preguntó cuáles eran sus reflexiones en el momento del hallazgo, respondió fiel a su estilo: “No pensé, investigué«.
En la actualidad, Roentgen es ampliamente reconocido como un brillante experimentalista que nunca buscó honores o ganancias financieras por su investigación. Rechazó un título que le habría dado el acceso a la nobleza alemana y donó el dinero del Premio Nobel a su universidad. Nunca sacó ninguna patente sobre los rayos X para asegurarse de que el mundo pudiera beneficiarse libremente de su trabajo. Pero su altruismo tuvo un costo personal considerable. En el momento de su muerte, en 1923, Roentgen estaba casi quebrado por la inflación, víctima económica de la I Guerra Mundial.
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