Los fenómenos naturales más destructivos, como los terremotos o las erupciones volcánicas, son muy difíciles de predecir. Los que pueden observarse antes de que alcancen la zona afectada, como los huracanes, son imposibles de evitar y muchas veces tienen consecuencias catastróficas. Algunas áreas del planeta, por su ubicación, su configuración geológica o su clima, son propensas a sufrir con cierta frecuencia los resultados de estos sucesos. Uno de estos lugares es Haití, que en los últimos años fue víctima de varios terremotos devastadores.
La tectónica de placas de la corteza terrestre
La principal razón de la vulnerabilidad de Haití radica en la teoría de la tectónica de placas.
La corteza terrestre, tanto la continental como la oceánica, se compone por 15 placas que interactúan entre sí moviéndose y desplazándose en todas direcciones. Esta particularidad es responsable de la existencia de montañas, valles, volcanes y, evidentemente, terremotos.
La ubicación de Haití en el mapa coincide con la placa del Caribe y la Norteamericana, siendo esta última una de las más grandes. La primera se mueve lenta y constantemente hacia el Este alrededor de 10 mm cada año, lo que resulta en una gran fricción a lo largo de las fallas que la rodean. Esta fricción, debido a la naturaleza arrugada y desigual de los bordes, desencadena una enorme acumulación de energía. Cuando la presión aumenta la falla se rompe y toda la energía se libera bruscamente en un deslizamiento que produce ondas sísmicas y un gran terremoto.
Mientras la placa Norteamericana se encuentra más o menos inmóvil, la del Caribe debe su desplazamiento en parte al empuje desde el sur de la placa de Sudamérica. Este movimiento ocasiona una persistente e importante actividad sísmica a lo largo de sus límites.
Además de esta situación de riesgo natural, Haití es uno de los países más desfavorecidos de Occidente, por lo que no cuenta con los medios necesarios para preparar su infraestructura para estos desastres, desarrollar un sistema de prevención o un protocolo de acción adecuado para paliar las consecuencias.
Los dos grandes terremotos que asolaron Haití en los últimos años
Uno de los peores terremotos producidos en Haití fue el del 12 de enero de 2010 de magnitud 7 en la escala Richter. En él, fallecieron más de 316,000 personas, unas 350,000 resultaron heridas y más de 1.5 millones perdieron sus casas según los datos del gobierno.
Las consecuencias a largo plazo todavía son palpables. No se pudieron reconstruir parte de las zonas que quedaron en ruinas, hay miseria, inseguridad e insalubridad en las calles y la situación socioeconómica sigue siendo muy débil.
11 años más tarde y sin haberse recuperado del anterior caso, Haití volvió a temblar el 14 de agosto de 2021 con otro terremoto de magnitud 7.2. Esta vez, murieron más de 2,200 personas y hubo alrededor de 12,000 heridos, aunque las cifras todavía no son definitivas.
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