El concepto de placas tectónicas está ampliamente extendido más allá de la ciencia. Sin embargo y saliéndonos de la comunidad, pocos saben qué significa exactamente el concepto tectónica. Se trata de una rama de la geología que analiza las estructuras y el comportamiento de la corteza terrestre. Estudia la mecánica y la dinámica de la litosfera, la capa superficial y sólida del planeta, y da explicación a la existencia de fallas y pliegues. Es en esta disciplina en la que surge la teoría de la tectónica de placas, cuyo objetivo es dar explicación a la formación de placas tectónicas y su propio deslizamiento.
La tectónica de placas
La teoría de la tectónica de placas se desarrolló durante la segunda mitad del siglo XX y complementa los argumentos de su teoría antecesora, la de la deriva continental. Esta última fue definida por Alfred Wegener en 1910 y defendía que los continentes de la Tierra presentan un desplazamiento con el paso del tiempo. Pero no lograba explicar el porqué ni el cómo de este fenómeno.
Ante estas cuestiones, la teoría de la tectónica de placas encuentra varias respuestas y unifica las observaciones generales que describen la composición y la naturaleza de las capas del planeta. Según este supuesto, la Tierra está dividida en placas sólidas que se deslizan sobre el manto. Esta capa ocupa aproximadamente el 84% del volumen del planeta y se encuentra entre la corteza y el núcleo. La parte más superficial del manto, el manto superior, junto con la corteza terrestre, conforman la litosfera. Un estrato de alrededor de 100 km de profundidad.
Bajo esta cubierta, se encuentra la astenosfera, más próxima al núcleo y, por ende, más caliente y maleable. Es precisamente el calor que se conserva en esta parte del planeta la causa de la convección térmica en el manto. Es decir, mientras la corteza no conduce el calor interno de la Tierra, sino que lo aísla, las capas del manto lo acumulan, provocando la elevación del material más caliente y el hundimiento de las rocas más frías.
Este movimiento deriva en la fragmentación de la corteza en placas tectónicas y en el deslizamiento de las mismas, que se desplazan de acuerdo a las corrientes de convección.
Los límites y el contacto entre las placas tectónicas
Una vez entendidas las razones por las que la corteza terrestre se divide y desplaza, la siguiente pregunta atañe directamente al contacto entre las placas y a la observación de sus contornos.
La ciencia ha descrito tres formas en que los límites de las placas tectónicas se encuentran y las características geológicas únicas que se desatan en cada caso.

Fuente de la imagen: Eolapaz
En primer lugar existen los límites convergentes. Suceden cuando las placas chocan y provocan cierta destrucción de la corteza, que se dobla y forma cadenas montañosas. Un ejemplo de este fenómeno es la creación del Himalaya hace alrededor de 55 millones de años.
Este tipo de colisiones entre límites desencadena otros fenómenos geológicos cuando una placa es continental y otra es oceánica. En estos casos, la oceánica se sumerge bajo la otra, descendiendo hacia el manto de la Tierra y derritiéndose en el magma. De estos movimientos surgen los volcanes, las calderas y los volcanes submarinos. Estructuras por las que emerge el magma en episodios de actividad con más o menos frecuencia e intensidad.
En segundo lugar, existen los límites divergentes, donde las placas no chocan sino que se separan. Estos movimientos generan grandes valles en la corteza terrestre, que se convierten en dorsales oceánicos cuando suceden debajo del agua.
Finalmente, en tercer lugar, existen los límites transformantes. Suceden cuando las placas se deslizan lateralmente, generando fricción entre ellas y dando lugar a los terremotos.
Las placas en que se divide la corteza terrestre
Hasta el momento se han identificado 15 placas tectónicas mayores y 43 menores en que se divide la corteza terrestre. Las quince principales son la Africana, la Antártica, la Arábica, la Australiana, la del Caribe, la de Cocos, la Euroasiática, la Filipina, la India, la Juan de Fuca, la de Nazca, la Norteamericana, la del Pacífico, la de Scotia y la Sudamericana.

Fuente de la imagen: Wikipedia
En los límites de algunas de ellas de dibuja el llamado Cinturón de Fuego del Pacífico. Una línea que recorre las costas del océano Pacífico y que concentra algunas de las zonas de subducción, el hundimiento que genera los límites convergentes, más importantes del mundo. En este anillo tienen lugar las actividades sísmicas y volcánicas más intensas de la Tierra y de él también se derivan algunas de las cadenas montañosas más largas de toda la orografía.
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