El haiku es un género dentro de la literatura tradicional japonesa, característico por su estilo y forma breve. Se trata de una composición de diecisiete sílabas, estructuradas en tres versos de cinco, siete y cinco sílabas respectivamente. Estas sílabas se denominan «moras» en su análisis original, como unidades lingüísticas más pequeñas.
De la brevedad al simbolismo literario
La brevedad que tanto identifica al haiku es al mismo tiempo el motivo de su complejidad. Obliga al poeta a sintetizar y simplificar extremadamente su idea y concepto. A decir y expresar lo máximo posible con lo mínimo. Y esta, según otros poetas y expertos, es su cualidad más valiosa.
La estructura se basa en 17 moras organizadas en tres versos de 5, 7 y 5 moras cada una, sin rima. Hay poemas con cierta variedad de sílabas, pero esta disposición es la original.
La temática habitual del haiku es la emoción y el asombro. La descripción de la percepción del poeta al observar la realidad y, en específico, la naturaleza. Es por eso que la forma más tradicional del género se divide en dos partes, siendo una de ellas la condición espacio temporal que hace referencia al momento o la estación del año descrita. Partiendo de esto, el haiku se simboliza a sí mismo con la asimetría de su propia estructura, que sugiere la libertad existente en la naturaleza, sencilla, sutil y austera.
En este sentido entra en juego otro concepto japonés, aware, que es la emoción que surge en el poeta al percibir la naturaleza. Se trata de la pieza clave del género, identificada como melancolía, tristeza y sufrimiento que identifica el autor observando a otros seres. Esta visión, que enaltece principalmente emociones y espiritualidad, es una de las razones por las que el haiku se relaciona de alguna forma con el budismo zen o el taoísmo japonés.
El haiku como medio de difusión de filosofía japonesa
El haiku está estrechamente relacionado con la filosofía y los preceptos religiosos de la cultura japonesa. Como género literario, se usaba frecuentemente para difundir principios de la escuela zen y budista.
De hecho, la base del sintoísmo es el respeto y devoción hacia los seres vivos y la naturaleza, un fundamento presente en la temática principal del haiku.
Estos poemas se popularizaron en Japón alrededor del siglo XVII gracias a la intervención de un monje budista llamado Matsuo Basho. Desde entonces, varios autores vincularon directamente esta forma literaria con estas doctrinas, identificando incluso al haiku como la expresión poética de todas ellas.
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